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sea-level impulse

Толкование Перевод

1 sea-level impulse

импульс на уровне моря

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > sea-level impulse
2 sea-level specific impulse

Космонавтика: удельный импульс на уровне моря

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > sea-level specific impulse
3 impulse

импульс; толчок; удар; см. тж. pulse; импульс силы; суммарный импульс ( ракетного двигателя)

— actual specific impulse

— apparent specific impulse

— boosting impulse

— command impulse

— computed impulse

— control impulse

— corrective impulse

— cutoff impulse

— delivered specific impulse

— density impulse

— density specific impulse

— effective impulse

— elevator impulse

— final impulse

— full-power specific impulse

— gravitational torque impulse

— inceptive impulse

— initial impulse

— marking impulse

— overall specific impulse

— rated specific impulse

— residual impulse

— rudder impulse

— sea-level impulse

— shutdown impulse

— specific impulse

— starting impulse

— steering impulse

— system impulse

— terminal impulse

— theoretical impulse

— total impulse

— volume impulse

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > impulse
4 level

1) уровень || устанавливать (регулировать) уровень

2) достигать уровня ( о физической величине)

3) энергетический уровень, уровень энергии

4) степень

5) градация

6) ранг ( системы)

7) уставка ( технологического параметра)

8) горизонтальная горная выработка

9) горн. горизонт; этаж

10) нивелир || нивелировать

11) уровень, ватерпас || устанавливать по уровню

12) высотная отметка; отметка уровня; отметка высоты

13) значение ( расчётного параметра)

14) горизонтальная линия; горизонтальная поверхность

15) планировать, производить планировку ( грунта); разравнивать

16) выравнивать(ся) ( о цвете)

17) ровно ложиться ( о краске); растекаться с образованием ровной поверхности ( о краске или лаке)

18) дренажная канава; дренажный канал

19) связь, радио громкость

20) ряд контактов ( в шаговом искателе или шаговом реле)

21) горизонтальный полёт || лететь горизонтально

22) выравнивать ( положение воздушного судна)

•

level above threshold — уровень звукового давления выше порога слышимости ( в децибелах);

to level down — выравнивать; сглаживать;

to level off — 1. достигать равновесия; стабилизировать(ся) 2. выпрямлять ( кривую) 3. выравнивать ( положение воздушного судна) 4. приближаться к предельному значению 5. планировать; разравнивать 6. устанавливаться на постоянном уровне;

to remain level — выдерживать горизонтальное положение;

to reverse a level end-for-end — менять местами концы уровня;

-
actuation level
-
addressing level
-
adit level
-
aerodrome level
-
air level
-
alert level
-
allowable level
-
ambient light level
-
ambient noise level
-
amplitude levels
-
amplitude-modulation noise level
-
approach noise level
-
ash level
-
atomic energy level
-
atomic level
-
audio-signal output level
-
average picture level
-
average sidelobe level
-
background level
-
background noise level
-
backlobe level
-
backup water level
-
band level
-
band-gap level
-
base level
-
basic impulse level
-
behavioral level
-
benchmark level
-
bin-filling level
-
binocular level
-
black level
-
blacker-than-black level
-
black-out level
-
bound level
-
breath sample level
-
bubble level
-
builder's level
-
bulk trap level
-
burden level
-
calibration level
-
carpenter's level
-
carrier level
-
carrier noise level
-
certificated noise level
-
charge level
-
charge-storage level
-
chroma level
-
circuit noise level
-
cleanliness level
-
cloud level
-
commanded speed level
-
concentration level
-
condemnation level
-
condensation level
-
confidence level
-
constraint level
-
contamination level
-
control program level
-
conversion level
-
corona level
-
cracking level
-
crosscut level
-
cross-product level
-
cruising level
-
crusher level
-
curb level
-
cutoff level
-
dam crest level
-
datum level
-
decision level
-
deep-lying level
-
deep level
-
defect level
-
derating level
-
device level
-
direct current level
-
direct sound level
-
donor level
-
doping level
-
downstream water level
-
drainage level
-
drawdown level
-
drive level
-
dumpy level
-
dust level
-
Egault level
-
electrical level of vacancy
-
electromagnetic interference level
-
energy level
-
engineer's level
-
equilibrium-xenon level
-
excitation level
-
exploration level
-
failure rate level
-
failure level
-
Fermi characteristic energy level
-
Fermi level
-
first-order level
-
flight level
-
float level
-
flood-control storage level
-
fluid level
-
foreplate level
-
formation level
-
foundation level
-
free energy level
-
freezing level
-
fuel irradiation level
-
geodetic level
-
geostrophic wind level
-
glass level
-
grade level
-
gray level
-
ground level
-
ground vibrational level
-
groundwater level
-
gyro level
-
half-tide level
-
hand level
-
haulage level
-
headwater level
-
heat-treated strength level
-
high injection level
-
highest water level
-
high-water level
-
hum level
-
illumination level
-
impounded water level
-
impulse insulation level
-
impurity level
-
injection level
-
input level
-
insulation level
-
integration level
-
intensity level
-
interference level
-
internal surge level
-
interrupt level
-
intrinsic level
-
invert level
-
inverted level
-
light level
-
line level
-
loadout level
-
local level
-
logical level
-
loudness level
-
lower level
-
low-pressure level
-
low-water level
-
luminance level
-
main level
-
manning level
-
mantle level
-
masking level
-
mason's level
-
mass activity cleanliness level
-
maximum controllable level
-
maximum flood level
-
maximum operating level
-
maximum rated sound-power level
-
maximum recording level
-
maximum water level
-
mean annoyance level
-
measurement level
-
mechanic's level
-
meniscus level
-
metal level
-
metastable level
-
mezzanine level
-
minimum drawdown level
-
mining level
-
multiplet level
-
nesting level
-
neutron level
-
no activity cleanliness level
-
noise equivalent level
-
noise level
-
normal level
-
normal maximum operating level
-
normal pool level
-
normaltopwater level
-
normalwater level
-
nose swab level
-
occupational level
-
occupied level
-
octane level
-
oil level
-
operating level
-
operational cleanliness level
-
output level
-
overload level
-
particulate level
-
peak level
-
peak recording level
-
peak signal level
-
peak white level
-
pedestal level
-
pendulum level
-
perceived noise level
-
permissible level
-
phonon level
-
plumb level
-
pollution level
-
power level
-
power monitoring level
-
power spectrum level
-
PPM level
-
precise level
-
predetermined level
-
pressure level
-
priority level
-
production level
-
protective level
-
pumping level
-
quantization level
-
quieting level
-
radiation level
-
reactor power level
-
received signal level
-
recording level
-
redundancy level
-
reference fare level
-
reference level
-
reliability level
-
resonance level
-
response level
-
reverberant sound level
-
river-bed level
-
safe-health level
-
saturation level
-
sea level
-
self-leveling level
-
sensation level
-
sidelobe level
-
siege level
-
significance level
-
slack level
-
slag level
-
snorkel level
-
solar flux level
-
sound pressure level
-
sound level
-
speech level
-
spirit level
-
stage level
-
staggered flight levels
-
standard isobaric level
-
static level
-
steady-state noise level
-
stress intensity level
-
striding level
-
summer oil level
-
surface level
-
susceptibility level
-
switching surge level
-
switching-surge protective level
-
sync level
-
tailwater level
-
target level of safety
-
testing level
-
thermal noise level
-
threshold level
-
tilting level
-
toxicity level
-
transition level
-
transmission level
-
trigger level
-
upper level
-
upstream level
-
user level
-
vacuum level
-
variable quantizing level
-
ventilation level
-
vibration level
-
voltage level
-
volume units level
-
water level
-
white level
-
winter oil level
-
working level
-
wye level
-
Y-level
-
zero level
-
zero transmission level

Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > level
5 engine

двигатель; мотор; машина

bank into the dead engine — накреняться в сторону неработающего двигателя

bring the engine up to full power — выводить двигатель на режим полной тяги

buzz up an engine — жарг. запускать двигатель

clean the engine — прогазовывать [прочищать] двигатель (кратковременной даней газа)

close down the engine — полностью убирать газ

continuous flow gas turbine engine — двигатель с осевым компрессором

engine engine in military — двигатель на боевом режиме

engine of bypass ratio 10: 1 — двигатель с коэффициентом [степенью] двухконтурности 10:1

equivalent engine in parts — комплект деталей для одного двигателя

flight discarded jet engine — реактивный двигатель, отработавший лётный ресурс

fluorine(-propel lant rocket) engine — ЖРД на жидком фторе

kick the engine over — разг. запускать двигатель

knock out the engine — выводить двигатель из строя

liquid-hydrogen(-fueled) rocket engine — водородный ЖРД

lunar module ascent engine — подъёмный двигатель лунного модуля [отсека]

monofuel rocket engine — ЖРД на однокомпонентном [унитарном] топливе

multibarreled rocket engine — многокамерный ЖРД

open the engine up — давать газ, увеличивать тягу или мощность двигателя

prepackaged liquid propellant engine — ЖРД на топливе длительного хранения; заранее снаряжаемый ЖРД

production(-standard, -type) engine — серийный двигатель, двигатель серийного образца [типа]

pull the engine out of afterburner — выключать форсаж

rear fuselage (mounted) engine — двигатель в хвостовой части фюзеляжа

return and landing engine — ксм. двигатель для возвращения и посадки

reversed rocket engine — тормозной ракетный двигатель; ксм. тормозная двигательная установка

run up the engine — опробовать [«гонять»] двигатель

secure the engine — выключать [останавливать, глушить] двигатель

shut down the engine — выключать [останавливать, глушить] двигатель

shut off the engine — выключать [останавливать, глушить] двигатель

solid(-fuel, -grain) rocket engine — ракетный двигатель твёрдого топлива

stability guidance jet engine — двигатель реактивной системы стабилизации и управления

throttle back the engine — (за)дросселировать двигатель

turn the engine over — проворачивать [прокручивать] двигатель [вал двигателя]

twin-spool compressor turbojet engine — ТРД с двухкаскадным компрессором

two-thrust chamber rocket engine — двухкамерный ЖРД

with one engine cut — с одним неработающим двигателем

with one engine out — с одним неработающим двигателем

with the engine running — с работающим двигателем

with two engines lost — при двух отказавших двигателях

— ablation-protected engine

— ablative engine

— abort engine

— accelerating rocket engine

— acid-cooled rocket engine

— actual engine

— adjustable-thrust rocket engine

— aerojet engine

— aeropulse engine

— aerothermodynamic integration engine

— afterburning engine

— aft-fan engine

— ailing engine

— air engine

— airborne rocket engine

— air-breathing engine

— air-burning engine

— air-collection engine

— air-feed engine

— air-jet engine

— airline engine

— airplane engine

— airstream engine

— alcohol engine

— all-attitude engine

— all-fuel engine

— ancillary engine

— annihilation rocket engine

— antispin rocket engine

— apogee engine

— arcjet engine

— arresting engine

— ascent engine

— assist-climb rocket engine

— assisted takeoff engine

— atmospheric jet engine

— attitude-control engine

— augmented turbofan engine

— auxiliary rocket engine

— axial engine

— axial-centrifugal-flow engine

— axial-flow engine

— bare engine

— barrel engine

— basic engine

— below-wing engine

— bench engine

— bifuel rocket engine

— bipropellant rocket engine

— bleedoff rocket engine

— block-cast engine

— booster engine

— bottom engine

— brake engine

— braking engine

— buried engine

— burned engine

— bypass engine

— calibrated engine

— calibrated-thrust engine

— capacitative-cooled engine

— capsular engine

— carburetted engine

— carburettor engine

— center engine

— centrifugal-flow engine

— ceramic-coated engine

— cesium-ion engine

— chemical fuel engine

— chemical-ignition engine

— cigarette-burning rocket engine

— clear the engine

— closed-cycle engine

— clustered engine

— coaxial plasma engine

— cold engine

— cold-jet engine

— cold-reaction engine

— combustion engine

— composite engine

— compound engine

— compressorless engine

— conk-out engine

— constant-duty engine

— constant-speed engine

— constant-thrust engine

— control engine

— controllable-thrust engine

— cooled engine

— core engine

— coupled engines

— cowled engine

— critical engine

— cruise engine

— cruising engine

— cryogenic engine

— cut the engine

— dead engine

— deflected-thrust engine

— demonstrator engine

— deorbit engine

— descent engine

— development engine

— direct-drive engine

— direct-injection engine

— direct-lift engine

— disintegrating engine

— diverted-jet engine

— docking engine

— double-flow engine

— double-nozzled engine

— double-row engine

— double-unit engine

— down-rated engine

— downwind engine

— driving engine

— droppable engine

— dry engine

— dry-fuel rocket engine

— dry-sump engine

— dual function engine

— dual-chamber rocket engine

— dual-flow engine

— dual-thrust rocket engine

— ducted rocket engine

— ducted-fan engine

— duplex engine

— earth-satellite engine

— ejection-seat rocket engine

— ejector-seat rocket engine

— electrical rocket engine

— electric-ignition engine

— electromagnetic jet engine

— electrostatic rocket engine

— electrothermal jet engine

— end-burning rocket engine

— engine got sick

— engine out

— environmental engine

— escape rocket engine

— evaporative-cooled engine

— expendable engine

— expended engine

— explosive engine

— external engine

— external-burning engine

— failed engine

— fan engine

— fan-afterburner engine

— fan-burning jet engine

— fast-response rocket engine

— feathered engine

— film-cooled engine

— final-stage rocket engine

— finite-thrust engine

— finned-rocket engine

— first-stage engine

— fixed-geometry engine

— flame-ignition rocket engine

— flameout engine

— flat engine

— flat-rated engine

— flat-rating engine

— flight-cleared engine

— flight-qualified engine

— flight-type engine

— flightworthy engine

— flyable engine

— forced-induction engine

— forward-facing rocket engine

— forward-firing rocket engine

— forward-thrust jet engine

— four-chamber engine

— four-stroke engine

— free-turbine engine

— front-fan engine

— fuel-optimal engine

— full-scale engine

— full-sized engine

— fuselage-mounted engine

— gas-generator engine

— gasoline engine

— gas-pressurized rocket engine

— gas-turbine engine

— geared engine

— gearless engine

— good engine

— gun an engine

— healthy engine

— heat engine

— heat-sponge engine

— helicopter engine

— helium-injection engine

— high-bypass ratio engine

— high-compression-ratio engine

— higher-powered engine

— highly developed engine

— high-performance engine

— high-power engine

— high-pressure engine

— high-speed engine

— high-thrust engine

— high-time engine

— honeycomb engine

— horizontal-mounted engine

— hot engine

— hot peroxide engine

— hot-reaction rocket engine

— hybrid engine

— hybrid-propellant engine

— hydrazine engine

— hydrogen-burning engine

— hydrogen-electrothermal engine

— hydrogen-fluorine engine

— hydrogen-oxygen engine

— hydrogen-peroxide engine

— hydrojet engine

— hypergolic engine

— hypersonic engine

— hypothetical engine

— ideal-cycle engine

— idling engine

— ignite the engine

— impulse-duct engine

— impulse-rocket engine

— inboard engine

— inhibited engine

— injected engine

— in-line engine

— inoperative engine

— installed engine

— intermittent-cycle engine

— intermittent-detonation engine

— internal engine

— internal-combustion engine

— interplanetary engine

— inverted vee engine

— ionic engine

— ionospheric ramjet engine

— isentropic engine

— jato engine

— jet attitude engine

— jet-propulsion engine

— jet transport engine

— jet-control engine

— jet-lift engine

— jettison engine

— jumbo engine

— kerosene-burning engine

— kerosene-fueled engine

— kick engine

— kill the engine

— lander engine

— lateral-burning rocket engine

— launch vehicle engine

— launching rocket engine

— left-handed engine

— lift jet engine

— lift/propulsion engine

— lift/thrust engine

— lift-cruise engine

— liftoff engine

— lightweight engine

— limited-life engine

— limited-thrust engine

— liquid-air engine

— liquid-chemical rocket engine

— liquid-cooled engine

— liquid-fuelrocket engine

— liquid-oxygen rocket engine

— liquid-propellant rocket engine

— liquid-solid rocket engine

— liquid-sustainer engine

— live engine

— long-burning engine

— long-duration engine

— long-life engine

— long-period engine

— long-stroke engine

— low-altitude engine

— low-consumption engine

— lower-powered engine

— low-mounted engine

— low-noise-level engine

— low-performance engine

— low-pressure engine

— low-thrust engine

— lox/liquid hydrogen engine

— lunar engine

— lunar module engine

— lunar rover engine

— lunar-descent engine

— lunar-takeoff engine

— magnetic-pinch plasma engine

— magnetogasdynamie engine

— magnetohydrodynamic engine

— main engine

— main propulsion engine

— malfunctioning engine

— maneuvering engine

— master engine

— matched engine

— microrocket engine

— midcourse correction engine

— middle engine

— military engine

— missile engine

— modular engine

— monopropellant rocket engine

— monopropellant-plus-fuel engine

— movable engine

— multibank engine

— multichamber rocket engine

— multifuel engine

— multilift engines

— multiple engine

— multiple-beam ion engine

— multiple-chamber rocket engine

— multiple-nozzle engine

— multirow engine

— multi-unit rocket engine

— nacelle-mounted engine

— nameplate engine

— nonafterburning engine

— noncryogenic engine

— nonexpendable engine

— nonregenerative engine

— non-supercharged engine

— nonthrottleable engine

— nonthrust rocket engine

— nuclear-electric engine

— nuclear-fission engine

— one-flow engine

— one-shaft engine

— one-shot engine

— one-spool engine

— open-cycle engine

— operational engine

— opposed-cylinder engine

— opposed-piston engine

— orbital module engine

— orbiter engine

— orbiting ramjet engine

— ordnance turbojet engine

— orienting-thrust engine

— outboard engine

— outer engine

— outer-space engine

— overcooled engine

— oversized engine

— oxidizer-cooled rocket engine

— paired engine

— paper engine

— parallel booster engines

— peroxide engine

— petrol engine

— photon engine

— pickle an engine

— pilot engine

— piston-driven engine

— pitch-control jet engine

— pivoted engine

— plasma engine

— plasmajet engine

— plenum-chamber-burning engine

— plug-in engine

— plug-nozzle engine

— podded engine

— pod-mounted engine

— porous-cooled engine

— powder rocket engine

— powerful engine

— power-limited engine

— preproduction engine

— pressure-feed engine

— propellant-cooled engine

— propulsion engine

— propulsive jet engine

— pulse reaction engine

— pulsejet engine

— pump-fed rocket engine

— pure lift engine

— pylon-mounted engine

— quadruple-chamber rocket engine

— quantum engine

— quiet engine

— race the engine

— radial engine

— radioisotope engine

— ramjet engine

— rato engine

— RCS engine

— reaction propulsion engine

— real engine

— reciprocating engine

— recombination ramjet engine

— refractory-liner rocket engine

— regenerative engine

— regeneratively-cooled engine

— reheated engine

— relight the engine

— rematched engine

— remotely-controlled engine

— replace the engine

— replacement engine

— research engine

— resonant jet engine

— restartable engine

— restricted-burning rocket engine

— retarding rocket engine

— retractable engine

— retrofire rocket engine

— retrograde rocket engine

— retrorocket engine

— retrothrust engine

— return engine

— reusable engine

— reversed engine

— reverse-thrust rocket engine

— right-handed engine

— ring engine

— rocket engine

— rocket-ramjet engine

— roll-control jet engine

— rotary engine

— rotatable-nozzles engine

— rough-running engine

— rubber engine

— run down engine

— running engine

— satellite-like engine

— scaled-down engine

— scaled-up engine

— sealed rocket engine

— sea-level engine

— secondary engine

— second-stage engine

— segmented-rocket engine

— selfcontained-rocket engine

— separable engine

— separation engine

— series-produced engine

— service engine

— service propulsion engine

— shaft-turbine engine

— short-burning engine

— short-duration engine

— short-life engine

— short-period engine

— short-stroke engine

— shut-down engine

— shuttle engine

— side engine

— side-burning rocket engine

— simulated failed engine

— single-barrelled rocket engine

— single-chamber rocket engine

— single-nozzle engine

— single-row engine

— single-shaft engine

— single-shot engine

— single-start engine

— sleeve-valve engine

— smoke-free engine

— smokeless engine

— smoky engine

— solar engine

— solid sustainer engine

— solid-liquid rocket engine

— solid-propellant boost engine

— solid-propellant rocket engine

— space engine

— space shuttle engine

— space vehicle engine

— spaceborne engine

— spacecraft engine

— spare engine

— spark-ignition engine

— spindown engine

— spinup engine

— split-compressor engine

— stage engine

— stage-one engine

— start the engine

— starting engine

— station-keeping engine

— steam-burning rocket engine

— steerable rocket engine

— steering engine

— stopcock the engine

— storable liquid-propellant engine

— straight-jet engine

— strap-on engine

— study engine

— submerged engine

— subscale engine

— subsonic jet engine

— supercharged engine

— supercompression engine

— superperformance engine

— supersonic combustion engine

— supersonic jet engine

— supplementary engine

— surge-free engine

— sustainer engine

— sustaining engine

— sweat-cooled engine

— swiveling engine

— swiveling-nozzle engine

— symmetrically opposite engine

— tail-mounted engine

— takeoff rocket engine

— tandem boost engine

— test engine

— testbed engine

— thermal-jet engine

— thermionic engine

— thermochemical rocket engine

— thermojet engine

— thermonuclear rocket engine

— three-barreled engine

— three-chambered engine

— three-shaft engine

— three-spool engine

— throttleable engine

— throttled back engine

— thrust engine

— tiltable engine

— tilting engine

— tiny engine

— tip engine

— trajectory-correction engine

— transonic engine

— transpiration-cooled rocket engine

— transtage engine

— traveling-wave plasma engine

— tri-chamber engine

— trim rocket engine

— triple-barreled engine

— triple-chamber engine

— turbine engine

— turboelectric engine

— turbofan engine

— turbofanramjet engine

— turbofed engine

— turbojet engine

— turboprop engine

— turbopump rocket engine

— turboram rocket engine

— turboramjet engine

— turborocket engine

— turbosupercharged engine

— twin-combustion-chamber engine

— twin-shaft engine

— two-chamber engine

— two-dimensional-ion engine

— two-propellants rocket engine

— two-row engine

— two-segment engine

— two-shaft engine

— two-spool engine

— uncooled rocket engine

— underslung engine

— underwing engine

— unreheated engine

— unrestricted-burning rocket engine

— unsegmented engine

— unsilenced engine

— unsupercharged engine

— upper-stage engine

— uprated engine

— upwind engine

— V/STOL engine

— valveless engine

— vapor-cycle-cooled engine

— vaporization-cooled engine

— variable-geometry engine

— variable-thrust engine

— vectorable engine

— vectored-thrust engine

— vee engine

— vernier engine

— vertical lift engine

— vertical-mounted engine

— vibration-free engine

— Wankel engine

— warmed engine

— water-cooled engine

— water-injection engine

— wet-sump engine

— widely-throttleable engine

— wing pod engine

— wing-mounted engine

— wing-root-buried engine

— wingtip-mounted engine

— wlndmllling engine

— wraparound boost engine

— zero-stage engine

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > engine
6 удельный импульс на уровне моря

Astronautics: sea-level specific impulse

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > удельный импульс на уровне моря
7 facility

объект, сооружение; установка; pl. сооружения и службы; ( капитальное) оборудование; средства; см. тж. equipment

acoustic fatigue test facility — установка для испытаний на акустическую выносливость

aircraft engine noise facility — установка для исследования шума авиационных двигателей

arc-driven shock tube facility — ударная труба с электродуговым подогревателем

atmospheric entry test facilities — оборудование для исследования условий входа в плотные слои атмосферы

double-reverberant chamber test facility — испытательная установка с двумя реверберационными камерами

forward area air defense facility — средства ПВО передового района (объекта)

high-energy molecular beam facility — аэрд. установка с молекулярным пучком высокой интенсивности

high-pressure ablation test facility — установка высокого давления для испытания на абляцию

low-cycle fatigue testing facility — установка для испытаний на малоцикловую усталость [выносливость]

plasma-arc jet test facility — плазменная установка [аэродинамическая труба] с электродуговым подогревателем

rocket engine test facility — установка [стенд] для испытания ракетных двигателей

space thermal environment facility — установка для моделирования тепловых условий космического пространства

— aerodynamic impulse facility

— aerodynamic test facility

— aerospace facilities

— air defense facilities

— air navigation facility

— air traffic facility

— aircraft repair facility

— airdrome crane facility

— airdrome facility

— airfield lighting facility

— airspeed lock facility

— airway facility

— altitude reservation facility

— altitude test facility

— antimissile facilities

— approach lighting facility

— automatic kick-off-drift facilities

— aviation production facilities

— central computing facility

— check-out facilities

— climate facility

— climatic facility

— communications facility

— control facilities

— cooperating ground facility

— counterflow facility

— cryogenic test facility

— decrabbing facility

— development facility

— digital simulation facility

— direction facility

— docking facility

— dynamic test facility

— engineering facilities

— engine-test facility

— enroute navigational facility

— environmental test facilities

— filament-winding facility

— flight test facility

— flight-following facilities

— free-air facilities

— free-jet facility

— fuel facility

— gasdynamic test facility

— ground control facilities

— ground testing facilities

— hangar facilities

— height lock facility

— high-altitude facility

— high-enthalpy test facility

— high-explosive shock-tube facility

— high-temperature structural facility

— hydroballistic facility

— hypersonic wind-tunnel facility

— inflight refueling facility

— infrasonic-detection facility

— inspace test facility

— instrument landing facility

— landing facilities

— launching facilities

— letdown facilities

— lighting facility

— low-loading facilities

— maintenance facilities

— manufacturing facilities

— meteorological facility

— missile defense facilities

— missile range facilities

— mobile simulation facility

— naval air facility

— naval missile facility

— nozzle test facility

— on-board facility

— optical facility

— orbital-support facility

— overshoot facility

— parking facilities

— plasma flow facility

— plasma-arc facility

— propellant-transfer facilities

— proving-ground facility

— pumping facilities

— quick-wash facilities

— radar facility

— radar-radio facility

— radio facility

— range facility

— rear-loading facility

— recording facility

— recovery facilities

— reentry test facility

— repair facility

— rescue facilities

— research facility

— reusable facility

— rewind facility

— rocket facility

— rocket-track facility

— rotating facility

— sanitation facilities

— satellite launching facility

— sea-level facility

— self-check facilities

— self-monitoring facilities

— separation test facility

— servicing facilities

— shock-tube facility

— silo-launch facility

— simulation facility

— simulator facility

— sonic-fatigue facility

— space communication facilities

— space propulsion facility

— space-environment facility

— space-simulation facility

— spin pit facility

— static-test facilities

— storage facility

— support facilities

— tankage facilities

— tape readout facility

— terminal facilities

— test facility

— thermostructural test facility

— tracking facility

— training facility

— underground facility

— whirling facility

— wind tunnel facilities

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > facility
8 rate

скорость, быстрота; темп; интенсивность; вертикальная скорость; частота ( событий) ; норма, степень; балл; производительность; ( секундный) расход (жидкости, газа) ; стоимость ( билета) ; классифицировать, (под)разделять на категории; оценивать

. rate of roll-out — угловая скорость крена при выводе (из разворота)

accelerate the rate of roll — увеличивать угловую скорость крена [вращения вокруг продольной оси]

acceleration induced burning rate — повышение скорости горения под действием ускорения

aircraft flying wreck rate — процент потерь ЛА в результате лётных происшествий

aircraft operational readiness rate — процент [количество] боеготовых самолётов в подразделении

arrest an excessive descent rate — уменьшать чрезмерно высокую вертикальную скорость снижения

autopilot-induced rate of roll — угловая скорость крена, создаваемая автопилотом

beam rider turning rate — угловая скорость ракеты при наведении по лучу

blade pitch decrease rate — скорость перевода лопастей (воздушного винта) на малый шаг

blade pitch increase rate — скорость перевода лопастей (воздушного винта) на большой шаг

break a rate of descent — прекращать снижение, резко уменьшать вертикальную скорость снижения

carbon dioxide removal rate — скорость удаления углекислого газа

combined rate of closure — суммарная скорость сближения

control surface (movement) rate — угловая скорость отклонения руля [поверхности управления]

cumulative aircraft accident rate — суммарный коэффициент аварийности (среднее число лётных происшествий за месяц, квартал или год)

diffusion limited recession rate — скорость уноса массы, ограниченная диффузией

dry adiabatic lapse rate — сухоадиабатический градиент

ease rate of turn — уменьшать угловую скорость разворота

four-engined rate of climb — скороподъёмность самолёта с четырьмя работающими двигателями

fuel volumetric flow rate — объёмный расход топлива или горючего

heat-shield surface recession rate — скорость уноса массы с теплозащитной поверхности

initial rate of climb — начальная скороподъёмность (у земли)

interception rate of climb — скороподъёмность при перехвате (воздушной цели)

jet engine base maintenance return rate — процент возврата в строй неисправных реактивных двигателей после ремонта в условиях аэродрома базирования

landing approach sink rate — вертикальная скорость снижения при заходе на посадку

nose-high rate of sink — вертикальная скорость снижения с поднятой носовой частью

pilot's instrument scanning rate — быстрота обзора [считывания показаний] приборов лётчиком

positive rate of climb ( — положительная) скороподъёмность

pressure rate of climb — скороподъёмность по давлению (приведенная к стандартной атмосфере)

radar altimeter sinking rate — измеренная радиолокационным высотомером вертикальная скорость снижения

radiation induced heating rate — интенсивность нагрева излучением

rate of altimeter unwinding — скорость потери высоты по высотомеру; быстрота уменьшения показаний высотомера

rate of approach to the stall — скорость приближения к срыву [сваливанию]

rate of change of wheel speed — угловое ускорение вращающегося колеса

rate of course deviation — скорость отклонения от заданного курса

rate of discharge ( — секундный) расход выходящих газов [вытекающей жидкости]

rate of heat loss — скорость теплоотдачи [отвода тепла]

rate of increase of incidence — Бр. быстрота увеличения угла атаки

rate of part consumption — быстрота износа [расходования] частей [деталей]

saturation adiabatic (lapse) rate — влажноадиабатический градиент

sea level rate of climb — скороподъёмность на уровне моря [у земли]

shutdown rate of the engines — частота отказов [отключений] двигателей

single-engine rate of climb — скороподъёмность с одним работающим двигателем (из двух)

stall recovery pitch rate — угловая скорость тангажа для вывода из режима срыва [сваливания]

stop the sink rate — прекращать снижение, уменьшать вертикальную скорость снижения

supersonic rate of climb — скороподъёмность в полете со сверхзвуковой скоростью

total propellant flow rate — суммарный (весовой) расход ракетного топлива

vehicular angular rotation rate — угловая скорость вращения ЛА

vertical gyro wander rate — величина ухода гировертикали (за единицу времени)

volume rate of combustion — объёмная теплонапряжённость камеры сгорания

weight flow rate of propellant — весовой расход ракетного топлива

— ablation rate

— ablative rate

— abortive-sortie rate

— acceleration rate

— acceleration-insensitive drift rate

— acceleration-sensitive drift rate

— acceptance rate

— accident rate

— adiabatic lapse rate

— aerodynamic heating rate

— aft stick rate

— aileron rate

— air delivery rate

— aircraft attrition rate

— airflow rate

— altitude rate

— angle-of-attack rate

— angular rate

— angular spin rate

— approach rate

— attainable roll rate

— attitude rate

— autorotation descent rate

— average flow rate

— azimuth rate

— azimuth wander rate

— barometric altitude rate

— blunder rate

— bombing rate

— breathing rate

— calculated flow rate

— calculated mass-loss rate

— cargo rate

— chemical corrosion rate

— closing rate

— closure rate

— combustion rate

— combustor fuel-flow rate

— commutation rate

— composite strain rate

— controlled burning rate

— convective heat-transfer rate

— coolant-flow rate

— cooling rate

— corrosion rate

— crack growth rate

— crack propagation rate

— creep rate

— cycling rate

— damping rate

— data rate

— decay rate

— defueling rate

— degradation rate

— delivery rate

— depressurization rate

— diffusion rate

— discharge rate

— dissociation rate

— docking closing rate

— drift rate

— earth rate

— ejection success rate

— elevation rate

— energy release rate

— engine heating rate

— entry rate

— erection rate

— erosion rate

— erosive burning rate

— error rate

— even rate

— excess sink rate

— expansion rate

— expenditure rate

— failure rate

— fine descent rate

— firing rate

— fixed-wing rate

— flame propagation rate

— flight rate

— flow rate

— flying wreck rate

— following rate

— free-radical recombination rate

— freight rate

— fuel burn rate

— fuel consumption rate

— fuel-flow rate

— fueling rate

— fuel-regression rate

— gas production rate

— geocentric range rate

— good rate

— ground wreck rate

— gyro drift rate

— gyro pitch rate

— gyro precession rate

— gyro torquing rate

— heat input rate

— heat rejection rate

— heat-exchange rate

— heating rate

— heat-release rate

— heat-transfer rate

— hourly drift rate

— in-commission rate

— in-flight refueling rate

— in-flight shutdown rate

— information handling rate

— information processing rate

— information rate

— input turning rate

— instantaneous altitude rate

— instantaneous flow rate

— instantaneous turn rate

— instrument scanning rate

— internal heating rate

— interrogation rate

— ion-flow rate

— laminar heat-transfer rate

— landing-success rate

— lapse rate

— lateral rate

— launcher slewing rate

— launcher turning rate

— launching rate

— leakage rate

— levelling rate

— limit roll rate

— linear rate

— line-of-sight rate

— maintenance rate

— malfunction rate

— mass ablation rate

— mass burning rate

— mass flow rate

— mass loss rate

— mass-transfer rate

— mean flow rate

— message data rate

— missile turning rate

— mission abort rate

— moisture absorption rate

— negative pitch rate

— nonuniform roll rate

— normal lapse rate

— nose-down pitchrate

— nose-up pitch rate

— no-wind sink rate

— nutation rate

— oil circulation rate

— one-second rate

— oxidizer-flow rate

— passenger fatality rate

— peak roll rate

— peak turn rate

— pilot trim rate

— pitching rate

— pneumatic flow rate

— positive pitch rate

— precession rate

— pressure lapse rate

— production-line-movement rate

— propellant burning rate

— propellant flow rate

— pulse repetition rate

— pyrolysis decomposition rate

— pyrolysis rate

— random drift rate

— range rate

— rapid roll rate

— rapid sink rate

— rate of advance

— rate of ascent

— rate of build-up

— rate of climb

— rate of closure

— rate of deflection

— rate of descent

— rate of divergence

— rate of formation

— rate of injection

— rate of ionization

— rate of loading

— rate of movement

— rate of overshoot

— rate of pressurization

— rate of pull-up

— rate of rate

— rate of regression

— rate of revolution

— rate of roll-In

— rate of testing

— reaction rate

— ready rate

— recession rate

— recombination rate

— recovery rate

— recurrence rate

— redundancy rate

— refueling rate

— regression rate

— repetition rate

— response rate

— rolling rate

— rotation rate

— runway scatter rate

— sampling rate

— scanning rate

— search rate

— sideslip rate

— sightline spin rate

— sightline turn rate

— sinking rate

— six-second sampling rate

— slaving rate

— slewing rate

— sortie rate

— speed bleed-off rate

— spin rate

— spring rate

— stabilization rate

— stabilizer rate

— stall entry rate

— standard lapse rate

— steady rate

— steady-state flow rate

— steady-state spin rate

— stick rate

— straining rate

— strand burning rate

— subcommutation rate

— sublimation rate

— surface ablation rate

— surface heat rate

— surface rate

— surface recession rate

— sustained turn rate

— switching rate

— systematic drift rate

— temperature lapse rate

— test flight rate

— thermal emissivity rate

— throttle retard rate

— torquing rate

— total impulse rate

— tracking rate

— traffic rate

— transmission rate

— trim rate

— tumbling rate

— turbulent heat-transfer rate

— turn rate

— vehicle rate

— vertical climb rate

— volume-flow rate

— volumetric flow rate

— wander rate

— weight flow rate

— wing tilt rate

— yawing rate

— zero accident rate

— zero sinking rate

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > rate
9 por

prep.

1 because of (causa).

por mí no te preocupes don't worry about me

¿por qué? why?

¿por qué lo dijo? why did she say it?

¿por qué no vienes? why don't you come?

¿por? (informal) why?

se enfadó por tu comportamiento she got angry because of your behavior

lo hizo por amor he did it out of o for love

2 (in order) to.

lo hizo por complacerte he did it to please you

lo hice por ella I did it for her

3 by (medio, modo, agente).

por mensajero/fax/teléfono by courier/fax/telephone

estuvimos hablando por teléfono we were talking on the phone

por escrito in writing

lo cogieron por el brazo they took him by the arm

el récord fue batido por el atleta the record was broken by the athlete

4 through.

vamos por aquí/allí let's go this/that way

iba paseando por el bosque/la calle she was walking through the forest/along the street

pasar por la aduana to go through customs

5 for (a cambio de, en lugar de).

lo ha comprado por poco dinero she bought it for very little

cambió el coche por la moto he exchanged his car for a motorbike

él lo hará por mí he'll do it for me

6 per.

80 céntimos por unidad 80 cents each

mil unidades por semana a thousand units a o per week

uno por uno one by one

20 kms por hora 20 km an o per hour

7 for.

baja por tabaco go down to the shops for some cigarettes, go down to get some cigarettes

a por for

vino a por las entradas she came for the tickets

8 times, multiplied by.

* * *

por

► preposición

1 (gen) for

■ lo hice por ti I did it for you

■ lo compré por dos euros I bought it for two euros

2 (a través de) through, by

■ entra por la puerta trasera come in by the back door

■ pasamos por Valladolid we went through Valladolid

■ iremos por la autopista we'll go on the motorway

3 (calle, carretera) along, down, up

■ íbamos por la calle cuando... we were walking along the street when...

■ subí por la Calle Jovellanos I went up Jovellanos Street

4 (lugar aproximado) in, near, round

■ anda por el edificio he's somewhere in the building

■ está por la Plaza Mayor it's somewhere near the Plaza Mayor

■ está por aquí it's somewhere round here

5 (causa) because of

■ las plantas han muerto por el frío the plants have died because of the cold

■ suspendieron el concierto por la lluvia they cancelled the concert because of the rain

6 (tiempo) at, for

■ nos veremos por vacaciones I'll see you during the holidays

7 (medio) by

■ lo enviaré por avión I'll send it by air

■ está hablando por teléfono he's on the phone

■ llegó por correo it arrived by post

8 (autoría) by

■ fue escrito por Azorín it was written by Azorín

9 (distribución) per

■ cinco por ciento five per cent

■ tocamos a dieciocho euros por persona it works out at eighteen euros per person

■ iba a veinte kilómetros por hora it was going at twenty kilometres an hour

10 (tras) by

■ registraron la cárcel celda por celda they searched the prison cell by cell

■ les interrogó uno por uno he interrogated each one in turn

11 (con pasiva) by

■ fue comprado por la reina it was bought by the queen

12 (a favor de) for, in favour of, US in favor of

■ estoy por una amnistía general I'm in favour of a general amnesty

13 (en calidad de) as

■ la tomó por esposa he took her as his wife

14 (en lugar de) instead of, in the place of

■ ve tú por mi you go in my place

15 (multiplicado por) times, multiplied by

■ tres por cuatro, doce three fours are twelve, three times four is twelve

16 por adjective que no matter how adjective

■ por caro que sea, lo voy a comprar no matter how expensive it is I'm going to buy it

■ por viejo que parezca funciona even though it looks old, it still works

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

estar por + inf (a punto de) to be on the point of + - ing

estar por hacer to remain to be done, not to have been done yet

por aquí around here

por lo tanto therefore

por lo visto apparently

por más que + subjuntivo however much, no matter how much

por mucho que + subjuntivo however much, no matter how much

por mí as far as I am concerned

¿por qué? why?

por supuesto of course

por tanto therefore, so

* * *

prep.

1) for

2) during

3) by

4) through

5) along

6) around

7) per

8) from

9) because of

10) instead of

•

- ¿por qué?

- por si acaso

* * *

PREPOSICIÓN

1) [causa]

a) + sustantivo because of

tuvo que suspenderse por el mal tiempo — it had to be cancelled because of the weather

no se realizó por escasez de fondos — it didn't go ahead because of a shortage of funding

• nos encontramos por casualidad — we met by chance

• lo hago por gusto — I do it because I like to

• fue por necesidad — it was out of necessity

• por temor a — for fear of

no se lo dijo por temor a ofenderla — he didn't tell her for fear of offending her

b) + infin

no aprobó por no haber estudiado — he didn't pass because he hadn't studied

por venir tarde se perdió la mitad — because he arrived late he missed half of it

me castigaron por mentir — I was punished for lying

c) + adj

le expulsaron por revoltoso — they expelled him for being a troublemaker

lo dejó por imposible — he gave it up as (being) impossible

esto te pasa por tonto — this is what you get for being stupid

2) [objetivo]

a) + sustantivo for

trabajar por dinero — to work for money

daría lo que fuera por un poco de tranquilidad — I'd give anything for a bit of peace and quiet

brindemos por nuestro futuro — let's drink to our future

b) + infin

lo hizo por complacerle — he did it to please her

por no llegar tarde — so as not to arrive late, in order not to be late

hablar por hablar — to talk for the sake of talking

3) (=en favor, defensa de) for

lo hice por mis padres — I did it for my parents

hazlo por mí — do it for me, do it for my sake

luchar por la patria — to fight for one's country

4) [elección]

su amor por la pintura — his love of painting

está loca por ti — she's crazy about you

no sabía por cuál decidirme — I couldn't decide which to choose

5) [evidencia] judging by, judging from

por lo que dicen — judging by o from what they say

por la cara que pone no debe de gustarle — judging by o from his face I don't think he likes it

por las señas no piensa hacerlo — apparently he's not intending to do it, it doesn't seem like he's intending to do it

6) [medio]

por su propia mano — by his own hand

lo obtuve por un amigo — I got it through a friend

la conozco por mi hermano — I know her through my brother

• por correo — by post

• por mar — by sea

• hablar por señas — to use sign language

7) [agente] by

hecho por él — done by him

"dirigido por" — "directed by"

fueron apresados por la policía — they were captured by the police

8) [modo] by

me agarró por el brazo — he grabbed me by the arm

punto por punto — point by point

buscaron casa por casa — they searched house by house

están dispuestos por tamaños — they are arranged according to size o by size

• por orden alfabético — in alphabetical order

9) [lugar]

se va por ahí — it's that way

¿por dónde? — which way?

ir a Bilbao por Santander — to go to Bilbao via Santander

cruzar la frontera por Canfranc — to cross the border at Canfranc

pasar por Madrid — to go through Madrid

se asomaron por la ventana — they leaned out of the window

iban cantando por la calle — they were walking along the street singing

paseábamos por la playa — we were walking along the beach

por todas partes — everywhere

por todo el país — throughout the country

viajar por el mundo — to travel (around) the world

10) [aproximación]

busca por ahí — look over there

viven por esta zona — they live around here

por aquí cerca — near o around here

aquello ocurrió por abril — it happened around April

por la feria — round about o around carnival time

está por el norte — it's somewhere up north

11) [tiempo]

se levanta por la mañana temprano — she gets up early in the morning

por la mañana siempre tengo mucho trabajo — I always have a lot of work in o during the morning

no sale por la noche — he doesn't go out at night

12) [duración] for

será por poco tiempo — it won't be for long

se quedarán por 15 días — they will stay for a fortnight

13) [sustitución, intercambio] (=a cambio de) for; (=en lugar de) instead of

te doy este por aquel — I'll swap you this one for that one

le dieron uno nuevo por el viejo — they gave him a new one (in exchange) for the old one

lo vendí por 15 dólares — I sold it for 15 dollars

me dieron 13 francos por una libra — I got 13 francs to the pound

hoy doy yo la clase por él — today I'm giving the class for him o in his place

ha puesto B por V — he has put B instead of V

14) [representación]

hablo por todos — I speak on behalf of o for everyone

interceder por algn — to intercede on sb's behalf, intercede for sb

diputado por Madrid — a member of parliament for Madrid

vino por su jefe — he came instead of o in place of his boss

15) [distribución]

10 dólares por hora — 10 dollars an hour

80km por hora — 80km per o an hour

revoluciones por minuto — revolutions per minute

tres dólares por persona — three dollars each, three dollars per person

16) [en multiplicaciones]

cinco por tres, quince — five times three is fifteen, five threes are fifteen

mide 6 metros de alto por 4 de ancho — it is 6 metres high by 4 wide

17) (=en cuanto a)

por mí no hay inconveniente — that's fine as o so far as I'm concerned

por mí, que se vaya — as o so far as I'm concerned he can go, for all I care he can go

por mí, como si quieres pasar una semana sin comer — I don't care if you want to go for a week without eating

si por mi fuera, tú estarías trabajando — if it were o was down to me, you'd be working

18) (=como)

• tomar a algn por esposo/esposa — to take sb to be one's husband/wife

• le dan por muerto — they have given him up for dead

• le tienen por tonto — they think he's stupid

19) [concesión]
+ subjun
por (muy) difícil que sea — however hard it is o may be

por mucho que lo quisieran — however much they would like to, much as they would like to

por más que lo intente — no matter how o however hard I try, try as I might

20) [acción inacabada]
+ infin
quedan platos por lavar — there are still some dishes to do

aún me quedan tres páginas por traducir — I still have three pages left to translate

21) ir (a) por algo/algn (=en busca de) to go and get sth/sb

ha ido (a) por vino — she's gone to get some wine

voy por el médico — I'll go and fetch o get the doctor

voy a por él — [a buscarle] I'll go and get him; [a atacarle] I'm going to get him

solo van a por las pelas — * they're only in it for the money

¡a por ellos! — get them!

- ir a por todas

22) [en preguntas]
por qué why
¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

no tengo por qué ir — there's no reason why I should go
¿por? * why (do you ask)?
* * *

preposición

Sentido I

1) ( en relaciones causales) because of

lo he puesto aquí por el gato — I've put it here because of the cat

por falta de dinero — because of o owing to lack of money

eso te pasa por crédulo — that's what you get for being (so) gullible

por naturaleza — by nature

por necesidad — out of necessity

tanto por su precio como por su calidad — both for its price and its quality

fue por eso que vine — that was why I came

si no fuera por mi hijo... — if it wasn't for my son...

fue elogiado por su actuación — he was praised for his performance

por + inf — for -ing

me pidió perdón por haberme mentido — he apologized for lying o for having lied to me

2) ( según)

por lo que he oído — from what I've heard

por lo que parece... — it seems o it would seem...

3) (en locs)

por qué — why

¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

por si — in case; acaso, mosca II

4) ( en expresiones concesivas)

por más que me esfuerzo — however hard o no matter how hard I try

por (muy) fácil que sea — however easy o no matter how easy it is

5)

a) ( en expresiones de modo)

colócalos por orden de tamaño/altura — put them in order of size/height

por orden de altura — in order of height

por adelantado — in advance

por escrito — in writing

b) ( indicando el medio)

se lo comunicaron por teléfono — they told him over the phone

lo dijeron por la radio — they said it on the radio

por avión/barco/carretera — by air/sea/road

la conocí por la voz — I recognized her by her voice

me enteré por un amigo — I heard from o through a friend

lo intenté por todos los medios — I tried everything possible o every possible way

c) (Educ) from

es doctor honoris causa por Oxford — he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford

6)

a) ( en relaciones de proporción)

cobra $30 por clase — he charges $30 a o per class

120 kilómetros por hora — 120 kilometers an o per hour

lo venden por metro — they sell it by the meter

tú comes por tres — you eat enough for three people

había un hombre por cada dos mujeres — there was one man to every two women

tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho — it's three meters long by one meter wide

es bastante por hoy — it's enough for today

uno por uno — one by one; ciento II

b) ( en multiplicaciones)

tres por cuatro (son) doce — three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

7)

a) (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación) for

su secretaria firmó por él — his secretary signed for him o on his behalf

yo puedo ir por ti — I can go for you o in your place

podrías pasar por inglesa — you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman

es senador por Sevilla — he's a senator for Seville

b) ( como)

por ejemplo — for example

¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? — do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

8) ( introduciendo el agente) by

compuesto por Mozart — composed by Mozart

se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta — they were caught in a sudden storm

Sentido II

9) (expresando finalidad, objetivo)

pelearse por algo — to fight over something

lo hace por el dinero — he does it for the money

te lo digo por tu bien — I'm telling you for your own good

no tengo por qué ir — there's no reason why I should go

por + inf: daría cualquier cosa por verla — I'd give anything to see her

no entré por no molestar — I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him

eso es hablar por hablar — that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it

por que + subj ( here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan — he was eager for them to listen to him

lucharon por que se hiciera justicia — they fought for justice to be done

10) (indicando consideración, favor) for

por mí no lo hagas — don't do it just for me o for my sake

11) (indicando inclinación, elección)

su amor por la música — her love of music

demostró interés por el cuadro — he showed interest in the painting

no siento nada por él — I don't feel anything for him

opté por no ir — I chose not to go

votó por ella — he voted for her

12) ( en busca de)

salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan — he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

13) ( en lo que respecta a)

por mí no hay inconveniente — I don't mind

por mí que haga lo que quiera — as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

14) ( indicando una situación pendiente)

por + inf: tengo la casa por limpiar — I've got the house to clean

estos cambios aún están por hacer — these changes are yet to be made

eso está por ver! — we'll see about that!

15) (esp AmL)

estar por + inf — ( estar a punto de)

deben (de) estar por llegar — they should be arriving any minute

la leche está por hervir — the milk's about to boil

Sentido III

16) (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria)

entró por la ventana — he came in through the window

no va a pasar por la puerta — it won't go through the door

sal por aquí — go out this way

se cayó por la escalera — he fell down the stairs

subieron por la ladera este — they went up by the east face

¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? — does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

fuimos por el camino más largo — we took the longer route

¿por dónde has venido? — which way did you come?

¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? — could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

17)

a) ( expresando lugar indeterminado)

está por ahí — he's over there somewhere

¿por dónde está or queda el hotel? — whereabouts is the hotel?

viven por mi barrio — they live around my area

¿qué tal te fue por Londres? — how did you get on in London?

por todos lados or por todas partes — everywhere

b) ( expresando lugar determinado)

corta por aquí — cut here

voy por la página 15 — I'm up to o I'm on page 15

empieza por el principio — start at the beginning

agárralo por el mango — hold it by the handle

c) ( indicando extensión)

por todo el país — throughout the (whole) country

viajamos por el norte de Francia — we travelled around o in the North of France

pasa un trapo por el piso — give the floor a quick wipe; ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera, encima, etc

Sentido IV

18) ( expresando tiempo aproximado)

por aquella época or por aquel entonces — at that time

sucedió allá por 1960 — it happened some time back around 1960

19) (Esp) ( indicando una ocasión) for

me lo regaló por mi cumpleaños — she gave it to me for my birthday

20) ( durante) for

por los siglos de los siglos — for ever and ever

por el momento or por ahora — for the time being o for now; ver tb mañana III, tarde II, noche

* * *

= across, along, around, because of, by, by, down, for the sake of, in connection with, in the gift of, on account of, on the grounds that/of, per, through, times, under, x, as a matter of, out of, through the agency of.

Ex. This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.

Ex. This means that a large number of messages can be combined together along the same line, giving economies of scales.

Ex. I wouldn't expect you to be detailed in your report in terms of where the bookmible would stop around town and where you'd park it.

Ex. This makes him feel somehow defficient and all because of his difficulty in making sense out of words in print with which his troubles began.

Ex. A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.

Ex. Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.

Ex. Some users find the format of KWIC indexes unacceptable, they find alphabetical arrangement by keywords down the centre of a page, and wrapped-round titles awkward.

Ex. The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.

Ex. There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.

Ex. Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.

Ex. Partly on account of the variety of bases for coverage there is significant overlap between the assortment of abstracting and indexing services.

Ex. AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.

Ex. Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.

Ex. The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.

Ex. 4 days times 30 cents per day = 120 cents.

Ex. One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.

Ex. Card catalogues or indexes comprise a set of cards often 5x3 inches (122x72 mm), with each entry on a separate card.

Ex. Most drivers stop at stop signs: Some do under duress -- there may be a policeman concealed in nearby bushes, others as a matter of prudence -- a fast car with the right of way can be injurious.

Ex. But these and other interested people collected this type of books out of a mixture of curiosity and sentiment.

Ex. This article argues that critical thinking, a long sought after goal in the US educational system, may be taught efficiently through the agency of library use instructions within the college environment.

----

* actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.

* aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).

* aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.

* búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.

* coger por sorpresa = catch out.

* Día + por la tarde = late + Día.

* digamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* dominar por completo = sweep + the board.

* encontrar por casualidad = come across.

* encuadernación por encargo = bespoke binding.

* error por omisión = omission failure.

* estar por delante de = be ahead of.

* hecho por encargo = bespoke.

* introducir por primera vez = pioneer.

* leer por encima = browse.

* llamar por teléfono = call up.

* muy por encima de todo = over and above all.

* Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.

* ordenado por fecha = in date order.

* pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], skip over, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by.

* pongamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* por accidente = accidentally.

* por adelantado = advance, in advance (of), up-front [up front].

* por ahí = out there.

* por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.

* por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.

* por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.

* por algún motivo = for whatever reason.

* por algún tiempo = for sometime.

* por allí = nearby [near-by].

* por amor al arte = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por analogía = by analogy.

* por anticipado = in advance (of).

* por antonomasia = quintessential, unique.

* por añadidura = in addition (to), on top of everything else.

* por aquel entonces = at the time, about that time, by this time.

* por aquí = around here, nearby [near-by], round here.

* por aquí y por allí = hanging about.

* por así decir = as it were.

* por boca de = by word of mouth.

* por bondad = out of the goodness of + Posesivo + heart.

* por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.

* por buen camino = a step in the right direction.

* por cabeza = per person.

* por cable = wireline, corded.

* por caminos apartados = off-road.

* por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], layered, tiered.

* por casualidad = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por chiripa = by chance, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).

* por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.

* por coincidencia = by coincidence.

* por comodidad = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por completo = fully.

* por confirmar = to be announced, to be confirmed.

* por consideración a = out of respect for.

* por consideración a = out of consideration for.

* por consiguiente = consequently, then, thence, by implication, therefore.

* por contra = in contrast.

* por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por correo = by post, mailed.

* por cortesía de = courtesy of.

* por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.

* por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.

* por cuanto que = because.

* por cuenta ajena = vicariously.

* por cuenta de uno = privately.

* por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.

* por curiosidad = out of curiosity.

* por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.

* por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.

* por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.

* por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.

* por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.

* por debajo de las posibilidades = below + Posesivo + capabilities.

* por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.

* por debajo de lo óptimo = sub-optimal [suboptimal].

* por debajo del peso nomral = underweight.

* por décadas = ten-yearly.

* por decidir = to be decided.

* por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.

* por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.

* por decirlo de algún modo = in a manner of speaking, so to speak.

* por decisión propia = by choice.

* por defecto = by default, default.

* por deferencia a = in deference to.

* por definición = by definition.

* por delante = ahead.

* por delante de = ahead of.

* por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.

* por delante y por detrás = front and back.

* por dentro = inwardly.

* por desgracia = unfortunately, sadly, unhappily, disappointingly.

* por despecho = spitefully, out of spite.

* ¡por dios! = in heaven's name, for God's sake, gosh.

* ¡por Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por diversión = for sport, for fun, (just) for the hell of (doing) it, for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por divertirse = for kicks.

* por doquier = all around.

* por dos años = two-year.

* por ejemplo = e.g. (latín - exempli gratia), for example, for instance, say, to illustrate, for the sake of + argument.

* por (el) amor a = for the love of.

* ¡por el amor de Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* por el cual = whereby, whereupon.

* por el detalle = for detail.

* por el día = by day, daytime [day-time], during the daytime, in the daytime, during daytime.

* por el día o por la noche = day or night.

* por el día y por la noche = day and night, night and day.

* por elección propia = by choice.

* por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.

* por el gobierno federal = federally.

* por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.

* por el hombre = humanly.

* por ello = on this basis, on that basis, accordingly.

* por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.

* por el modo = by the way.

* por el momento = for the time being, momentarily, at the moment, for the nonce, for the present.

* por el placer de hacerlo = (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.

* por el receptor = at the receiving end.

* por el sexo = gendered.

* por encargo = custom, bespoke.

* por encima = overhead, cursorily.

* por encima de = across, beyond, beyond all, over, over and above, beyond the range of, well over + Expresión Numérica, overarching, above.

* por encima de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.

* por encima de eso = beyond that.

* por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.

* por encima de la media = above average.

* por encima de la tierra = aboveground.

* por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.

* por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.

* por ende = thereby, accordingly, therefore.

* por enfado = out of anger.

* por enojo = out of anger.

* por error = by mistake.

* por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.

* por escrito = in writing, in print, written.

* por eso = on that score, therefore.

* por eso que = hence.

* por esta razón = for this reason.

* por esta única razón = for this reason alone.

* por este motivo = for this reason.

* por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.

* por etapas = staged.

* por excelencia = par excellence, quintessential, unique.

* por exceso = excessively, to excess.

* por explotar = untapped.

* por + Expresión Temporal = by the + Expresión Temporal.

* por extensión = by extension.

* por extenso = in full, at length.

* por falta de = for want of, for lack of.

* por fases = staged.

* por favor = please.

* por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].

* por fin = at length, at last, finally, at long last.

* por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).

* por frustración = out of frustration.

* por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.

* por grupos = in batches.

* por gusto = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por hora = hourly.

* por horas = on an hourly basis.

* por igual = alike, on an equitable basis, equally, in equal measure(s).

* por imitación = copycat.

* por incremento gradual = incremental.

* por incrementos graduales = incrementally.

* por individuo = per capita, per person.

* por iniciativa de = at the instigation of, under the auspices of.

* por instinto = instinctively.

* por interés = out of interest.

* por interés personal = self-interested.

* por investigar = unresearched.

* por invitación = invitational.

* por invitación de = at the invitation of.

* por la borda = overboard.

* por la cantidad de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por la forma = by the way.

* por la friolera de + Cantidad = to the tune of + Cantidad.

* por la fuerza = forcibly.

* por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.

* por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.

* por la manera = by the way.

* por la mañana = in the morning.

* por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.

* por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.

* por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.

* por la presente = hereby.

* por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.

* por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.

* por las nubes = soaring.

* por la tarde = in the evening.

* por ley = mandated.

* por libre = freelance.

* por línea telefónica = over the telephone line.

* por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.

* por lo pronto = for the time being.

* por lo que = so.

* por lo que concierne a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, so far as + Nombre + be concerned.

* por lo que concierne a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.

* por lo que es = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que incumbe a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.

* por lo que se refiere a = moving on to.

* por lo que son = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.

* por los pelos = by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, close call, close shave.

* por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.

* por los suelos = in tatters.

* por lo tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por lo visto = apparently, apparently.

* por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.

* por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.

* por mal camino = astray.

* por más que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por materias = subject-based, topically.

* por mecionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention only a few.

* por medio = out of.

* por medio de = by means of, by way of, in the form of, through, via, via the medium of, by dint of, through the agency of.

* por medio de isótopos = isotopically.

* por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.

* por medio de una agencia = on a bureau basis.

* por mencionar sólo algunos = to mention but a few of, to mention only a few.

* por mencionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention but a few of, to name only some.

* por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.

* por menús = menu-driven.

* por méritos = meritorious.

* por mes = per month.

* por miedo de = for fear of/that.

* por millones = in the millions, by the millions.

* por mor de = because of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.

* por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.

* por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.

* por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.

* por muchas razones = in many ways.

* por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + que + Subjuntivo = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + Verbo.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.

* por muy + Adjetivo + be = Adjetivo + though + Nombre + be.

* por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.

* por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.

* por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy mentira que parezca = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, strangely enough, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.

* por nada = for nothing.

* por nada del mundo = for the life of me.

* por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por naturaleza = by nature, by definition, characteristically, natural-born, naturally, inherently.

* por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.

* por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.

* por no decir algo peor = to put it mildly.

* por no decir nada de = to say nothing of.

* por no decir nunca = if ever.

* por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.

* por nombrar (sólo) + Número = to name (only) + Número.

* por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.

* por nombrar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por + Nombre = on a + Adjetivo + basis.

* por no mencionar = not to mention.

* por norma = as a rule.

* por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.

* por orden de = mandated.

* por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.

* por orden de llegada = on a first come first served basis.

* por orden numérico = in numerical order.

* por otra parte = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side.

* por otro lado = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.

* por parejas = in pairs.

* por parte de = on the part of.

* por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.

* por pasar el rato = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por pereza = lazily.

* por + Período de Tiempo = for + Expresión Temporal.

* por persona = per person.

* por placer = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por poco dinero = cheaply.

* por poco o nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por poderes = by proxy.

* por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.

* por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.

* por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + parte = for + Posesivo + part.

* por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.

* por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.

* por principio = on principle.

* por principios = as a matter of principle.

* por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.

* por + Pronombre + mismo = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.

* por propia iniciativa = self-directed.

* por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.

* por pura diversión = for kicks.

* por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por qué = why.

* por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.

* por razones de = for the sake of.

* por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.

* por razones éticas = on moral grounds.

* por razones morales = on moral grounds.

* por razones personales = for personal reasons.

* por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.

* por rencor = out of spite.

* por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.

* por rumores = grapevine.

* por rutina = routinely.

* por sacos = by the sackful.

* por satélite = satellite-based.

* por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.

* por seguridad = for safety reasons.

* por semana = per week.

* por separado = at different times, in isolation, separately, singly.

* por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.

* por sexo = along gender lines.

* por si = in the chance that.

* por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec, for good measure.

* por si casualidad = in the chance that.

* por si era poco = for good measure.

* por si fuera poco = to boot, for good measure, to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.

* por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.

* por sí mismo = for its/their own sake, in itself, in + Posesivo + own right, itself, unto + Reflexivo, in and of + Reflexivo.

* por sí mismos = in themselves.

* por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.

* por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].

* por sí solo = by itself, for its/their own sake, on its own, in and of + Reflexivo, in itself.

* por sí solos = by themselves, in themselves.

* por si + tener + suerte = on spec.

* por sorpresa = unawares.

* por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.

* por suerte = luckily, fortunately, happily.

* por suerte o por desgracia = for better or (for) worse, by luck or misfortune.

* por su naturaleza = by + Posesivo + nature.

* por su papel = in its role.

* por su parte = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.

* por su propio derecho = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.

* ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid, heaven forbid.

* por suscripción = subscriber + Nombre.

* por su volatilidad = mercurially.

* por su volubilidad = mercurially.

* por tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por teléfono = on the telephone, by tele(phone), over the phone, over the telephone.

* por temas = topically.

* por temor a = for fear of/that.

* por temor a represalias = under duress.

* por término medio = on average.

* por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].

* por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.

* por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].

* por toda la provincia = province-wide.

* por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.

* por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.

* por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.

* por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].

* por todo el continente = continent-wide.

* por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].

* por todo el gobierno = government-wide.

* por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.

* por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.

* por todo el servicio = service-wide.

* por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.

* por todo + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.

* por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.

* por todos conocido = well-known.

* por todos lados = left, right and centre, far and wide.

* por todos los medios = by all means.

* por todos sitios = everywhere.

* por triplicado = in triplicate.

* por trueque = in kind.

* por turnos = on a rotating basis, on a rota basis, on a rota system, on a rota.

* por última vez = for the last time, one last time.

* por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.

* por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.

* por una lado... por otro = at one end... at the other.

* por unanimidad = unanimously.

* por una parte = on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un gran margen = by a huge margin.

* por un gustazo, un trancazo = a kingdom for a kiss.

* por unidad = per unit.

* por un lado = for one, on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.

* por un momento = for a moment.

* por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own, for + Reflexivo.

* por unos momentos = for a few moments, for a short time.

* por uno solo = solo.

* por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.

* por un tiempo = for a time.

* por un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come, for indefinite time.

* por valor de + Cantidad = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.

* por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.

* por venganza = out of spite.

* por voluntad propia = voluntarily.

* quedar por ver = remain + to be seen.

* tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.

* transporte por tierra = land transport.

* utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.

* venta al por mayor = wholesaling.

* * *

preposición

Sentido I

1) ( en relaciones causales) because of

lo he puesto aquí por el gato — I've put it here because of the cat

por falta de dinero — because of o owing to lack of money

eso te pasa por crédulo — that's what you get for being (so) gullible

por naturaleza — by nature

por necesidad — out of necessity

tanto por su precio como por su calidad — both for its price and its quality

fue por eso que vine — that was why I came

si no fuera por mi hijo... — if it wasn't for my son...

fue elogiado por su actuación — he was praised for his performance

por + inf — for -ing

me pidió perdón por haberme mentido — he apologized for lying o for having lied to me

2) ( según)

por lo que he oído — from what I've heard

por lo que parece... — it seems o it would seem...

3) (en locs)

por qué — why

¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

por si — in case; acaso, mosca II

4) ( en expresiones concesivas)

por más que me esfuerzo — however hard o no matter how hard I try

por (muy) fácil que sea — however easy o no matter how easy it is

5)

a) ( en expresiones de modo)

colócalos por orden de tamaño/altura — put them in order of size/height

por orden de altura — in order of height

por adelantado — in advance

por escrito — in writing

b) ( indicando el medio)

se lo comunicaron por teléfono — they told him over the phone

lo dijeron por la radio — they said it on the radio

por avión/barco/carretera — by air/sea/road

la conocí por la voz — I recognized her by her voice

me enteré por un amigo — I heard from o through a friend

lo intenté por todos los medios — I tried everything possible o every possible way

c) (Educ) from

es doctor honoris causa por Oxford — he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford

6)

a) ( en relaciones de proporción)

cobra $30 por clase — he charges $30 a o per class

120 kilómetros por hora — 120 kilometers an o per hour

lo venden por metro — they sell it by the meter

tú comes por tres — you eat enough for three people

había un hombre por cada dos mujeres — there was one man to every two women

tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho — it's three meters long by one meter wide

es bastante por hoy — it's enough for today

uno por uno — one by one; ciento II

b) ( en multiplicaciones)

tres por cuatro (son) doce — three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

7)

a) (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación) for

su secretaria firmó por él — his secretary signed for him o on his behalf

yo puedo ir por ti — I can go for you o in your place

podrías pasar por inglesa — you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman

es senador por Sevilla — he's a senator for Seville

b) ( como)

por ejemplo — for example

¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? — do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

8) ( introduciendo el agente) by

compuesto por Mozart — composed by Mozart

se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta — they were caught in a sudden storm

Sentido II

9) (expresando finalidad, objetivo)

pelearse por algo — to fight over something

lo hace por el dinero — he does it for the money

te lo digo por tu bien — I'm telling you for your own good

no tengo por qué ir — there's no reason why I should go

por + inf: daría cualquier cosa por verla — I'd give anything to see her

no entré por no molestar — I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him

eso es hablar por hablar — that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it

por que + subj ( here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan — he was eager for them to listen to him

lucharon por que se hiciera justicia — they fought for justice to be done

10) (indicando consideración, favor) for

por mí no lo hagas — don't do it just for me o for my sake

11) (indicando inclinación, elección)

su amor por la música — her love of music

demostró interés por el cuadro — he showed interest in the painting

no siento nada por él — I don't feel anything for him

opté por no ir — I chose not to go

votó por ella — he voted for her

12) ( en busca de)

salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan — he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

13) ( en lo que respecta a)

por mí no hay inconveniente — I don't mind

por mí que haga lo que quiera — as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

14) ( indicando una situación pendiente)

por + inf: tengo la casa por limpiar — I've got the house to clean

estos cambios aún están por hacer — these changes are yet to be made

eso está por ver! — we'll see about that!

15) (esp AmL)

estar por + inf — ( estar a punto de)

deben (de) estar por llegar — they should be arriving any minute

la leche está por hervir — the milk's about to boil

Sentido III

16) (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria)

entró por la ventana — he came in through the window

no va a pasar por la puerta — it won't go through the door

sal por aquí — go out this way

se cayó por la escalera — he fell down the stairs

subieron por la ladera este — they went up by the east face

¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? — does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

fuimos por el camino más largo — we took the longer route

¿por dónde has venido? — which way did you come?

¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? — could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

17)

a) ( expresando lugar indeterminado)

está por ahí — he's over there somewhere

¿por dónde está or queda el hotel? — whereabouts is the hotel?

viven por mi barrio — they live around my area

¿qué tal te fue por Londres? — how did you get on in London?

por todos lados or por todas partes — everywhere

b) ( expresando lugar determinado)

corta por aquí — cut here

voy por la página 15 — I'm up to o I'm on page 15

empieza por el principio — start at the beginning

agárralo por el mango — hold it by the handle

c) ( indicando extensión)

por todo el país — throughout the (whole) country

viajamos por el norte de Francia — we travelled around o in the North of France

pasa un trapo por el piso — give the floor a quick wipe; ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera, encima, etc

Sentido IV

18) ( expresando tiempo aproximado)

por aquella época or por aquel entonces — at that time

sucedió allá por 1960 — it happened some time back around 1960

19) (Esp) ( indicando una ocasión) for

me lo regaló por mi cumpleaños — she gave it to me for my birthday

20) ( durante) for

por los siglos de los siglos — for ever and ever

por el momento or por ahora — for the time being o for now; ver tb mañana III, tarde II, noche

* * *

= across, along, around, because of, by, by, down, for the sake of, in connection with, in the gift of, on account of, on the grounds that/of, per, through, times, under, x, as a matter of, out of, through the agency of.

Ex: This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.

Ex: This means that a large number of messages can be combined together along the same line, giving economies of scales.

Ex: I wouldn't expect you to be detailed in your report in terms of where the bookmible would stop around town and where you'd park it.

Ex: This makes him feel somehow defficient and all because of his difficulty in making sense out of words in print with which his troubles began.

Ex: A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.

Ex: Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.

Ex: Some users find the format of KWIC indexes unacceptable, they find alphabetical arrangement by keywords down the centre of a page, and wrapped-round titles awkward.

Ex: The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.

Ex: There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.

Ex: Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.

Ex: Partly on account of the variety of bases for coverage there is significant overlap between the assortment of abstracting and indexing services.

Ex: AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.

Ex: Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.

Ex: The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.

Ex: 4 days times 30 cents per day = 120 cents.

Ex: One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.

Ex: Card catalogues or indexes comprise a set of cards often 5x3 inches (122x72 mm), with each entry on a separate card.

Ex: Most drivers stop at stop signs: Some do under duress -- there may be a policeman concealed in nearby bushes, others as a matter of prudence -- a fast car with the right of way can be injurious.

Ex: But these and other interested people collected this type of books out of a mixture of curiosity and sentiment.

Ex: This article argues that critical thinking, a long sought after goal in the US educational system, may be taught efficiently through the agency of library use instructions within the college environment.

* actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.

* aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).

* aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.

* búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.

* coger por sorpresa = catch out.

* Día + por la tarde = late + Día.

* digamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* dominar por completo = sweep + the board.

* encontrar por casualidad = come across.

* encuadernación por encargo = bespoke binding.

* error por omisión = omission failure.

* estar por delante de = be ahead of.

* hecho por encargo = bespoke.

* introducir por primera vez = pioneer.

* leer por encima = browse.

* llamar por teléfono = call up.

* muy por encima de todo = over and above all.

* Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.

* ordenado por fecha = in date order.

* pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], skip over, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by.

* pongamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* por accidente = accidentally.

* por adelantado = advance, in advance (of), up-front [up front].

* por ahí = out there.

* por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.

* por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.

* por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.

* por algún motivo = for whatever reason.

* por algún tiempo = for sometime.

* por allí = nearby [near-by].

* por amor al arte = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por analogía = by analogy.

* por anticipado = in advance (of).

* por antonomasia = quintessential, unique.

* por añadidura = in addition (to), on top of everything else.

* por aquel entonces = at the time, about that time, by this time.

* por aquí = around here, nearby [near-by], round here.

* por aquí y por allí = hanging about.

* por así decir = as it were.

* por boca de = by word of mouth.

* por bondad = out of the goodness of + Posesivo + heart.

* por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.

* por buen camino = a step in the right direction.

* por cabeza = per person.

* por cable = wireline, corded.

* por caminos apartados = off-road.

* por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], layered, tiered.

* por casualidad = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por chiripa = by chance, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).

* por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.

* por coincidencia = by coincidence.

* por comodidad = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por completo = fully.

* por confirmar = to be announced, to be confirmed.

* por consideración a = out of respect for.

* por consideración a = out of consideration for.

* por consiguiente = consequently, then, thence, by implication, therefore.

* por contra = in contrast.

* por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por correo = by post, mailed.

* por cortesía de = courtesy of.

* por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.

* por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.

* por cuanto que = because.

* por cuenta ajena = vicariously.

* por cuenta de uno = privately.

* por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.

* por curiosidad = out of curiosity.

* por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.

* por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.

* por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.

* por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.

* por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.

* por debajo de las posibilidades = below + Posesivo + capabilities.

* por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.

* por debajo de lo óptimo = sub-optimal [suboptimal].

* por debajo del peso nomral = underweight.

* por décadas = ten-yearly.

* por decidir = to be decided.

* por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.

* por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.

* por decirlo de algún modo = in a manner of speaking, so to speak.

* por decisión propia = by choice.

* por defecto = by default, default.

* por deferencia a = in deference to.

* por definición = by definition.

* por delante = ahead.

* por delante de = ahead of.

* por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.

* por delante y por detrás = front and back.

* por dentro = inwardly.

* por desgracia = unfortunately, sadly, unhappily, disappointingly.

* por despecho = spitefully, out of spite.

* ¡por dios! = in heaven's name, for God's sake, gosh.

* ¡por Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por diversión = for sport, for fun, (just) for the hell of (doing) it, for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por divertirse = for kicks.

* por doquier = all around.

* por dos años = two-year.

* por ejemplo = e.g. (latín - exempli gratia), for example, for instance, say, to illustrate, for the sake of + argument.

* por (el) amor a = for the love of.

* ¡por el amor de Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* por el cual = whereby, whereupon.

* por el detalle = for detail.

* por el día = by day, daytime [day-time], during the daytime, in the daytime, during daytime.

* por el día o por la noche = day or night.

* por el día y por la noche = day and night, night and day.

* por elección propia = by choice.

* por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.

* por el gobierno federal = federally.

* por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.

* por el hombre = humanly.

* por ello = on this basis, on that basis, accordingly.

* por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.

* por el modo = by the way.

* por el momento = for the time being, momentarily, at the moment, for the nonce, for the present.

* por el placer de hacerlo = (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.

* por el receptor = at the receiving end.

* por el sexo = gendered.

* por encargo = custom, bespoke.

* por encima = overhead, cursorily.

* por encima de = across, beyond, beyond all, over, over and above, beyond the range of, well over + Expresión Numérica, overarching, above.

* por encima de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.

* por encima de eso = beyond that.

* por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.

* por encima de la media = above average.

* por encima de la tierra = aboveground.

* por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.

* por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.

* por ende = thereby, accordingly, therefore.

* por enfado = out of anger.

* por enojo = out of anger.

* por error = by mistake.

* por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.

* por escrito = in writing, in print, written.

* por eso = on that score, therefore.

* por eso que = hence.

* por esta razón = for this reason.

* por esta única razón = for this reason alone.

* por este motivo = for this reason.

* por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.

* por etapas = staged.

* por excelencia = par excellence, quintessential, unique.

* por exceso = excessively, to excess.

* por explotar = untapped.

* por + Expresión Temporal = by the + Expresión Temporal.

* por extensión = by extension.

* por extenso = in full, at length.

* por falta de = for want of, for lack of.

* por fases = staged.

* por favor = please.

* por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].

* por fin = at length, at last, finally, at long last.

* por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).

* por frustración = out of frustration.

* por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.

* por grupos = in batches.

* por gusto = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por hora = hourly.

* por horas = on an hourly basis.

* por igual = alike, on an equitable basis, equally, in equal measure(s).

* por imitación = copycat.

* por incremento gradual = incremental.

* por incrementos graduales = incrementally.

* por individuo = per capita, per person.

* por iniciativa de = at the instigation of, under the auspices of.

* por instinto = instinctively.

* por interés = out of interest.

* por interés personal = self-interested.

* por investigar = unresearched.

* por invitación = invitational.

* por invitación de = at the invitation of.

* por la borda = overboard.

* por la cantidad de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por la forma = by the way.

* por la friolera de + Cantidad = to the tune of + Cantidad.

* por la fuerza = forcibly.

* por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.

* por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.

* por la manera = by the way.

* por la mañana = in the morning.

* por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.

* por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.

* por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.

* por la presente = hereby.

* por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.

* por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.

* por las nubes = soaring.

* por la tarde = in the evening.

* por ley = mandated.

* por libre = freelance.

* por línea telefónica = over the telephone line.

* por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.

* por lo pronto = for the time being.

* por lo que = so.

* por lo que concierne a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, so far as + Nombre + be concerned.

* por lo que concierne a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.

* por lo que es = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que incumbe a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.

* por lo que se refiere a = moving on to.

* por lo que son = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.

* por los pelos = by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, close call, close shave.

* por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.

* por los suelos = in tatters.

* por lo tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por lo visto = apparently, apparently.

* por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.

* por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.

* por mal camino = astray.

* por más que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por materias = subject-based, topically.

* por mecionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention only a few.

* por medio = out of.

* por medio de = by means of, by way of, in the form of, through, via, via the medium of, by dint of, through the agency of.

* por medio de isótopos = isotopically.

* por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.

* por medio de una agencia = on a bureau basis.

* por mencionar sólo algunos = to mention but a few of, to mention only a few.

* por mencionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention but a few of, to name only some.

* por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.

* por menús = menu-driven.

* por méritos = meritorious.

* por mes = per month.

* por miedo de = for fear of/that.

* por millones = in the millions, by the millions.

* por mor de = because of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.

* por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.

* por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.

* por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.

* por muchas razones = in many ways.

* por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + que + Subjuntivo = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + Verbo.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.

* por muy + Adjetivo + be = Adjetivo + though + Nombre + be.

* por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.

* por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.

* por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy mentira que parezca = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, strangely enough, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.

* por nada = for nothing.

* por nada del mundo = for the life of me.

* por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por naturaleza = by nature, by definition, characteristically, natural-born, naturally, inherently.

* por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.

* por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.

* por no decir algo peor = to put it mildly.

* por no decir nada de = to say nothing of.

* por no decir nunca = if ever.

* por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.

* por nombrar (sólo) + Número = to name (only) + Número.

* por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.

* por nombrar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por + Nombre = on a + Adjetivo + basis.

* por no mencionar = not to mention.

* por norma = as a rule.

* por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.

* por orden de = mandated.

* por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.

* por orden de llegada = on a first come first served basis.

* por orden numérico = in numerical order.

* por otra parte = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side.

* por otro lado = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.

* por parejas = in pairs.

* por parte de = on the part of.

* por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.

* por pasar el rato = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por pereza = lazily.

* por + Período de Tiempo = for + Expresión Temporal.

* por persona = per person.

* por placer = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por poco dinero = cheaply.

* por poco o nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por poderes = by proxy.

* por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.

* por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.

* por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + parte = for + Posesivo + part.

* por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.

* por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.

* por principio = on principle.

* por principios = as a matter of principle.

* por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.

* por + Pronombre + mismo = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.

* por propia iniciativa = self-directed.

* por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.

* por pura diversión = for kicks.

* por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por qué = why.

* por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.

* por razones de = for the sake of.

* por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.

* por razones éticas = on moral grounds.

* por razones morales = on moral grounds.

* por razones personales = for personal reasons.

* por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.

* por rencor = out of spite.

* por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.

* por rumores = grapevine.

* por rutina = routinely.

* por sacos = by the sackful.

* por satélite = satellite-based.

* por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.

* por seguridad = for safety reasons.

* por semana = per week.

* por separado = at different times, in isolation, separately, singly.

* por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.

* por sexo = along gender lines.

* por si = in the chance that.

* por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec, for good measure.

* por si casualidad = in the chance that.

* por si era poco = for good measure.

* por si fuera poco = to boot, for good measure, to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.

* por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.

* por sí mismo = for its/their own sake, in itself, in + Posesivo + own right, itself, unto + Reflexivo, in and of + Reflexivo.

* por sí mismos = in themselves.

* por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.

* por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].

* por sí solo = by itself, for its/their own sake, on its own, in and of + Reflexivo, in itself.

* por sí solos = by themselves, in themselves.

* por si + tener + suerte = on spec.

* por sorpresa = unawares.

* por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.

* por suerte = luckily, fortunately, happily.

* por suerte o por desgracia = for better or (for) worse, by luck or misfortune.

* por su naturaleza = by + Posesivo + nature.

* por su papel = in its role.

* por su parte = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.

* por su propio derecho = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.

* ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid, heaven forbid.

* por suscripción = subscriber + Nombre.

* por su volatilidad = mercurially.

* por su volubilidad = mercurially.

* por tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por teléfono = on the telephone, by tele(phone), over the phone, over the telephone.

* por temas = topically.

* por temor a = for fear of/that.

* por temor a represalias = under duress.

* por término medio = on average.

* por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].

* por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.

* por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].

* por toda la provincia = province-wide.

* por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.

* por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.

* por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.

* por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].

* por todo el continente = continent-wide.

* por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].

* por todo el gobierno = government-wide.

* por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.

* por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.

* por todo el servicio = service-wide.

* por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.

* por todo + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.

* por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.

* por todos conocido = well-known.

* por todos lados = left, right and centre, far and wide.

* por todos los medios = by all means.

* por todos sitios = everywhere.

* por triplicado = in triplicate.

* por trueque = in kind.

* por turnos = on a rotating basis, on a rota basis, on a rota system, on a rota.

* por última vez = for the last time, one last time.

* por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.

* por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.

* por una lado... por otro = at one end... at the other.

* por unanimidad = unanimously.

* por una parte = on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un gran margen = by a huge margin.

* por un gustazo, un trancazo = a kingdom for a kiss.

* por unidad = per unit.

* por un lado = for one, on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.

* por un momento = for a moment.

* por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own, for + Reflexivo.

* por unos momentos = for a few moments, for a short time.

* por uno solo = solo.

* por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.

* por un tiempo = for a time.

* por un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come, for indefinite time.

* por valor de + Cantidad = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.

* por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.

* por venganza = out of spite.

* por voluntad propia = voluntarily.

* quedar por ver = remain + to be seen.

* tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.

* transporte por tierra = land transport.

* utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.

* venta al por mayor = wholesaling.

* * *

por

GUIA DE BUSQUEDA

Sentido I

A en relaciones causales

B según

C ¿por qué?

D en locuciones

E en expresiones concesivas

F

1 en expresiones de modo

2 indicando el medio

3 Educación

G

1 en relaciones de proporción

2 en multiplicaciones

H

1 en relaciones de sustitución etc

2 por ejemplo

I como

Sentido II

A al expresar finalidad, objetivo

B indicando consideración, favor

C indicando inclinación, elección

D en busca de

E en lo que respecta a

F indicando una situación pendiente

G estar por

Sentido III

A indicando lugar de acceso, salida

B

expresando lugar indeterminado

C expresando lugar determinado

D indicando extensión

Sentido IV

A expresando tiempo aproximado

B indicando una ocasión

C durante

prep

Sentido I

A (en relaciones causales) because of

he puesto esto aquí por el gato I've put this here because of the cat

nunca se lo dijo por miedo a perderla he never told her out of fear of losing her o because he was afraid of losing her

eso te pasa por crédulo that's what you get for being (so) gullible

lo conseguimos por él we got it thanks to him

ella es así por naturaleza she's like that by nature

lo hace por necesidad he does it out of necessity

no se acabó por falta de dinero it wasn't finished for o because of o owing to lack of money

el final no por conocido me resulta menos triste knowing how it ends doesn't make it any less sad

por su alto contenido en proteínas because of o owing to its high protein content

tanto por su precio como por su practicidad both for its price and its practical design

fue por eso por lo que no te llamé or fue por eso que no te llamé that was the reason o that was why I didn't call you

precisamente por eso no dije nada that's precisely why I didn't say anything

la muerte se produjo por asfixia he suffocated, death was caused by suffocation ( frml)

éste serviría si no fuera por el color this one would do if it weren't for the color

fue elogiado por su excelente actuación he was praised for his excellent performance

por + INF for -ING

me pidió perdón por haberme mentido he apologized for lying o for having lied to me

eso

B (según) from

por lo que he oído from what I've heard

por lo que parece no va a volver it seems o it would seem he's not coming back

por mi experiencia diría que … from my experience, I would say that …

C ( fam):

¿por? why?

¿con quién vas? — con Daniel ¿por? who are you going with? — with Daniel, why? o why do you want to know?

D ( en locuciones):

por qué why

¿por qué lloras? why are you crying?

¿por qué no vienes a almorzar a casa? why don't you come to my house for lunch?

por si in case

llévate una muda, por si tuvieras que quedarte take a change of clothes (just) in case you have to stay

acaso, mosca² (↑ mosca (2))

E (en expresiones concesivas) por … QUE:

por más que me esfuerzo me sigue saliendo mal no matter how hard I try o however hard I try, I still can't get it right

(+ subj): por (muy) fácil que se lo pongan, no creo que lo sepa hacer however easy o no matter how easy they make it for him I don't think he'll be able to do it

F

1

(en expresiones de modo): clasifícalos por tamaño classify them according to size o by size

colóquense por orden de altura line up in order of height

por adelantado in advance

por escrito in writing

2

(indicando el medio): se lo comunicaron por teléfono they told him over the phone

lo dijeron por la radio they said it on the radio

lo mandaron por avión/barco they sent it by air/sea

por carretera by road

la conocí por la voz I recognized the o her voice, I recognized her by her voice

me enteré por un amigo I heard from o through a friend

conocido por el nombre de Pancho known as Pancho

lo intenté por todos los medios I tried everything possible o every possible way

3 ( Educación):

es doctor honoris causa por Oxford he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford

un graduado en ciencias políticas por la universidad de Granada a graduate in political science from the university of Granada

G

1

(en relaciones de proporción): cobra $30 por clase he charges $30 a o per class

120 kilómetros por hora 120 kilometers an o per hour

lo venden por metro they sell it by the meter

tú comes por tres you eat enough for three people

había un hombre por cada dos mujeres there was one man to every two women

tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho it's three meters long by one meter wide

ya hemos hecho bastante por hoy we've done enough for today

los hizo entrar uno por uno she made them come in one by one o one at a time

examinar un escrito punto por punto to go through a document point by point

ciento² (↑ ciento (2))

2 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ]

(en multiplicaciones): tres por cuatro (son) doce three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

H

1

(en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación): su secretaria firmó por él his secretary signed for him o on his behalf

yo puedo ir por ti I can go for you o in your place

por toda respuesta se encogió de hombros all he did was shrug his shoulders

tú podrías pasar por inglesa you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman

te dan uno nuevo por dos viejos they give you one new one in exchange for two old ones

es senador por Canarias he's a senator for the Canary Islands

2

(como): por ejemplo for example

¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

I (introduciendo el agente) by

un lugar frecuentado por muchos famosos a place frequented by many famous people

se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta they were caught in a sudden storm

la ocupación de la fábrica por (parte de) los obreros the occupation of the factory by the workers

ver tb parte² f B. (↑ parte (2))

Sentido II

A

(al expresar finalidad, objetivo): se estaban peleando por la pelota they were fighting over the ball

lo hace por el dinero he does it for the money

te lo digo por tu bien I'm telling you for your own good

por + INF:

daría cualquier cosa por verte contento I'd give anything to see you happy

no entré por no molestar I didn't go in so as not to disturb him o because I didn't want to disturb him

eso es hablar por hablar that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it

por QUE + SUBJ here por que can also be written porque:

estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan he was eager for them to listen to him

recemos por que lleguen a un acuerdo let's pray that they'll come to an agreement

siguieron luchando por que se hiciera justicia they continued fighting for justice to be done

B

(indicando consideración, favor): haría cualquier cosa por ti I'd do anything for you

intercede por nosotros intercede for us

por mí no lo hagas don't do it just for me o for my sake

C

(indicando inclinación, elección): su amor por la música her love of music

demostró gran interés por el cuadro he showed great interest in the painting

no siento nada por él I don't feel anything for him

opté por no ir I chose not to go

votó por ella he voted for her

¿por la afirmativa? all those in favor?

se manifestaron por el derecho al aborto they demonstrated for the right to abortion

estar por algn ( fam); to be crazy about sb

D

(en busca de): salió/fue poror ( Esp) a por pan he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

E

(en lo que respecta a): por mí no hay inconveniente I don't mind

que haga lo que le dé la gana, por mí … let him do what he likes, as far as I'm concerned …

F (indicando una situación pendiente) por + INF:

tengo toda la casa por limpiar I've got the whole house to clean

estos cambios aún están por hacer these changes have still not been made o are yet to be made

ver² vt C 1. (↑ ver (2))

G

( AmL) estar por + INF (estar a punto de): deben de estar por llegar they should be arriving any minute

la leche está por hervir the milk's about to boil

Sentido III

A

(indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria): entró por la ventana he came in through the window

sal por aquí go out this way

el acceso al edificio es por la calle Lamas you enter the building from Lamas Street

el piano no va a pasar por la puerta the piano won't go through the door

se cayó por la escalera he fell down the stairs

subieron por la ladera este they went up by the east face

¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

fuimos por el camino más largo we took the longer route

no vayas por ahí que te vas a perder don't go that way, you'll get lost

¿por dónde has venido? which way did you come?

¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

B

(expresando lugar indeterminado): está por ahí he's over there somewhere

¿por dónde está or queda el restaurante? whereabouts is the restaurant?

viven por el sur/por mi barrio they live in the south somewhere/around my area

hace mucho que no lo vemos por aquí we haven't seen him around here for ages

¿qué tal te fue por Londres? how did you get on in London?

C

(expresando lugar determinado): corta por aquí cut here

voy por la página 15 I'm up to o I'm on page 15

empieza por el principio start at the beginning

agárralo por el mango hold it by the handle

D

(indicando extensión): lo he buscado por todos lados or por todas partes I've looked everywhere for it

la epidemia se extendió por todo el país the epidemic spread throughout the (whole) country

estuvimos viajando por el norte de Francia we were traveling around o in the North of France

fuimos a caminar por la playa we went for a walk along the beach

pasa un trapo por el piso give the floor a quick wipe

ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera¹ adv A 1. (↑ fuera (1)), encima, por etc

Sentido IV

A

(expresando tiempo aproximado): por aquella época at that time

por aquel entonces vivían en Pozuelo at that time they were living in Pozuelo

sucedió por allá por 1960 it happened some time back around 1960

B ( Esp) (indicando una ocasión) for

me lo regalaron por mi cumpleaños they gave it to me for my birthday

por Semana Santa pensamos ir a Londres we're thinking of going to London for Easter

C (durante) for

por los siglos de los siglos for ever and ever

no se lo confío ni por un minuto I wouldn't trust him with it for a minute

puede quedar así por el momento or por ahora it can stay like that for the time being o for now

ver tb mañana³ (↑ mañana (3)), tarde² (↑ tarde (2)), noche

* * *

por preposición
1 ( causa) because of;
◊ por falta de dinero because of o owing to lack of money;

por naturaleza by nature;
por necesidad out of necessity;
por eso no dije nada that's why I didn't say anything;
fue por eso que no te llamé that was why I didn't call you;
si no fuera por mi hijo … if it wasn't for my son …;
me pidió perdón por haberme mentido he apologized for lying o for having lied to me
2 ( en locs)
◊ por qué why;

no dijo por qué he didn't say why;
¿por qué no vienes conmigo? why don't you come with me?;
por si in case;
por si no entiende in case he doesn't understand;
See Also→ acaso 2, mosca
3 ( en expresiones concesivas):
◊ por más que me esfuerzo however hard o no matter how hard I try;

por (muy) fácil que sea however easy o no matter how easy it is
4
a) ( modo):

◊ colócalos por orden de tamaño put them in order of size;

por adelantado in advance;
por escrito in writing
b) ( medio):

◊ se lo comunicaron por teléfono they told him over the phone;

lo dijeron por la radio they said it on the radio;
por avión by air;
la conocí por la voz I recognized her by her voice;
me enteré por un amigo I heard from o through a friend
5
a) ( proporción):

◊ cobra $30 por clase he charges $30 a o per class;

120 kilómetros por hora 120 kilometers an o per hour;
por metro/docena by the meter/dozen;
tú comes por tres you eat enough for three people;
tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho it's three meters long by one meter wide;
uno por uno one by one;
See Also→ ciento sustantivo masculino b
b) ( en multiplicaciones):

◊ tres por cuatro (son) doce three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

6
a) ( sustitución) for;

◊ su secretaria firmó por él his secretary signed for him o on his behalf;

pasa por inglesa she passes for an Englishwoman
b) ( como):

◊ por ejemplo for example

7 ( introduciendo el agente) by;
◊ compuesto por Mozart composed by Mozart

1 (finalidad, objetivo):
◊ pelearse por algo to fight over sth;

lo hace por el dinero he does it for the money;
no entré por no molestarlo I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him;
por que + subj (here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan he was eager for them to listen to him
2 (indicando inclinación, elección):
◊ su amor por la música her love of music;

no siento nada por él I don't feel anything for him;
votó por ella he voted for her
3 ( en busca de): salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread
4 ( en lo que respecta a):
◊ por mí que haga lo que quiera as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

5 (esp AmL) estar por + inf ( estar a punto de) to be about to + inf;
◊ está por terminar he's about to finish;

deben (de) estar por llegar they should be arriving any minute
1
a) ( lugar):

◊ entró por la ventana he came in through the window;

sal por aquí go out this way;
se cayó por la escalera he fell down the stairs;
¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?;
¿por dónde has venido? which way did you come?;
está por ahí he's over there somewhere;
¿por dónde está el hotel? whereabouts is the hotel?;
viven por mi barrio they live around my area;
voy por la página 15 I'm up to o I'm on page 15;
empieza por el principio start at the beginning;
agárralo por el mango hold it by the handle
b) ( indicando extensión): por todos lados or por todas partes everywhere;

◊ viajamos por el norte de Francia we traveled around o in the North of France;

ver tb dentro, fuera, encima, etc
2 ( tiempo) for;
◊ por un mes for a month;

por el momento or por ahora for the time being, for now;
ver tb mañana, tarde, noche
3 (Esp) ( ocasión) for;
◊ me lo regaló por mi cumpleaños she gave it to me for my birthday

por preposición
1 (autoría) by: está escrito por mí, it was written by me
2 (camino, lugar) through: viajamos por Castilla, we travelled round Castilla
3 (medio) lo enviaron por avión, they sent it by plane
me enteré por el periódico, I read about it in the newspaper
4 (motivo, causa) because of
por tu culpa, because of you
(en favor de) for: hazlo por ellos, do it for their sake
por la libertad, for freedom
5 (en torno a) por San Juan, near Saint John's Day
6 (durante) por la mañana/noche, in the morning/at night
por el momento, for the time being
7 (a través) entramos por la puerta, we got in through the door
miramos por la ventana, we looked out (of) the window
pasamos por la ciudad, we went through the town
8 (sobre, por encima de) cruzaremos por el puente, we'll cross the bridge
9 (delante de) paso todos los días por tu casa, I go by your house every day
10 (a cambio de) for: te doy mi helado por tu yogur, I'll swap you my ice-cream for your yoghurt
11 (en una distribución, cálculo) por cabeza, a head, per person
mil pesetas por hora, a thousand pesetas per hour
dos mil revoluciones por minuto, two thousand revolutions per minute
12 (en una multiplicación) dos por dos, cuatro, two times two is four
un diez por ciento, ten per cent
13 (con infinitivo) in order to, so as to
trabajar por trabajar, to work for the sake of it
♦ Locuciones: por así decirlo, so to speak
por más/mucho que..., no matter how...
por qué, why
' por' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- abogar
- abonar
- abonarse
- abotargada
- abotargado
- abuelo
- acabar
- acaso
- accidente
- acercarse
- acertar
- aclamación
- acomplejada
- acomplejado
- acomplejarse
- acoquinar
- acostumbrar
- actual
- adelantada
- adelantado
- adivinar
- admitir
- adoración
- aérea
- aéreo
- afanarse
- afectada I
- afectado
- afición
- agradecer
- aguantar
- ahí
- ahogada
- ahogado
- ahora
- ahorcarse
- ahorrar
- aire
- alegrarse
- algo
- allá
- allí
- almacén
- alquiler
- alta
- alto
- aludida
- aludido
- amarga
English:
A
- aback
- ablaze
- about
- above
- absence
- absorb
- accident
- accidentally
- acclaim
- accompany
- accord
- accordingly
- account
- accustom
- actual
- actually
- add to
- advocate
- after
- afternoon
- again
- against
- air
- airmail
- alert
- allowance
- alone
- alphabetically
- alternately
- amble
- amends
- amok
- angry
- annihilate
- annoy
- answer for
- answering service
- antipathy
- anxious
- anywhere
- apologetic
- apologize
- appal
- appall
- apparently
- appearance
- appease
- appointment
- appreciate

* * *

por prep

1. [indica causa] because of;

llegó tarde por el tráfico she was late because of the traffic;

lo hizo por amor he did it out of o for love;

me disculpé por llegar tarde I apologized for arriving late;

miré dentro por simple curiosidad I looked inside out of pure curiosity;

accidentes por conducción temeraria accidents caused by reckless driving;

muertes por enfermedades cardiovasculares deaths from cardiovascular disease;

no quise llamar por la hora (que era) I didn't want to call because of the time;

cerrado por vacaciones/reformas [en letrero] closed for holidays/alterations;

por mí no te preocupes don't worry about me;
Esp
fue por eso por lo que tuvimos tantos problemas, Am [m5] fue por eso que tuvimos tantos problemas that's why we had so many problems;

eso te pasa por (ser tan) generoso that's what you get for being so generous;

la razón por (la) que dimite the reason (why) she is resigning;

¿por qué? why?;

¿por qué no vienes? why don't you come?;

¿por qué lo preguntas? – por nada why do you ask? – no reason;
Fam
¿por? why?;

por si in case;

por si se te olvida in case you forget

2. [indica indicio]
por lo que me dices/lo que he oído no debe de ser tan difícil from what you say/what I've heard, it can't be that difficult;

por lo que tengo entendido, viven juntos as I understand it, they live together, my understanding is that they live together;

por lo visto, por lo que se ve apparently

3. [indica finalidad] (antes de infinitivo) (in order) to;

* * *

por

prp

1 motivo for, because of;

lo hace por mí he does it for me;

lo hizo por amor she did it out of o for love;

luchó por sus ideales he fought for his ideals;

por miedo a ofenderle for fear of upsetting her;

vino por verme he came to see me

2 medio by;

por avión by air;

por correo by mail, Br

tb by post

3 tiempo

:

por un año/un segundo for a year/a second;

por la mañana in the morning;

por Navidad around Christmas

4 movimiento

:

por la calle down the street;

por un tunel through a tunnel;

por aquí this way

5 posición aproximada around, about;

está por aquí it’s around here (somewhere);

vive por el centro de la ciudad she lives somewhere around the center of town

6 cambio

:

por cincuenta pesos for fifty pesos;

por cabeza each, a head

7 otros usos

:

por hora an o per hour;

dos por dos two times two;

¿por qué? why?;

el motivo por el cual o

por el que … the reason why …;

esa factura aún está por pagar that invoice still has to be paid;

tomar por esposa marry;

por difícil que sea however difficult it might be

* * *

por prep

1) : for, during

se quedaron allí por la semana: they stayed there during the week

por el momento: for now, at the moment

2) : around, during

por noviembre empieza a nevar: around November it starts to snow

por la mañana: in the morning

3) : around (a place)

debe estar por allí: it must be over there

por todas partes: everywhere

4) : by, through, along

por la puerta: through the door

pasé por tu casa: I stopped by your house

por la costa: along the coast

5) : for, for the sake of

lo hizo por su madre: he did it for his mother

¡por Dios!: for heaven's sake!

6) : because of, on account of

llegué tarde por el tráfico: I arrived late because of the traffic

dejar por imposible: to give up as impossible

7) : per

60 millas por hora: 60 miles per hour

por docena: by the dozen

8) : for, in exchange for, instead of

su hermana habló por él: his sister spoke on his behalf

9) : by means of

hablar por teléfono: to talk on the phone

por escrito: in writing

10) : as for

por mí: as far as I'm concerned

11) : times

tres por dos son seis: three times two is six

12) según: from, according to

por lo que dices: judging from what you're telling me

13) : as, for

por ejemplo: for example

14) : by

hecho por mi abuela: made by my grandmother

por correo: by mail

15) : for, in order to

lucha por ganar su respeto: he struggles to win her respect

16)

estar por : to be about to

17)

por ciento : percent

18)

por favor : please

19)

por lo tanto : therefore, consequently

20)

¿por qué? : why?

21)

por que porque

22)

por... que : no matter how

por mucho que intente: no matter how hard I try

23)

por si or

por si acaso : just in case

* * *

por prep

1. (a través de) through

entra por la puerta de la derecha go in through the door on the right

por el bosque through the wood

2. (la calle) along / down

iba por la calle I was walking down the street

3. (indica camino) via / by

fuimos por la carretera comarcal we went by the B road

4. (indica una parte concreta) by

sujeta la cacerola por el asa hold the saucepan by its handle

5. (indica el tiempo)

por la mañana in the morning

por Navidades at Christmas

por la noche at night

por unos días for a few days

6. (a causa de) because of

suspendieron el concierto por la lluvia the concert was cancelled because of the rain

7. (a fin de) to / in order to

por complacer al padre in order to please her father

8. (indica el autor) by

el cuadro fue pintado por Picasso the picture was painted by Picasso

9. (en favor o defensa de) for

haría cualquier cosa por su hijo she'd do anything for her son

es por tu propio bien it's for your own good

10. (multiplicado) times

cuatro por cuatro son dieciséis four times four is sixteen

11. (a cambio de) for

lo compré por cien pesetas I bought it for a hundred pesetas

te doy este libro por esos sellos I'll give you this book for those stamps

12. (en vez de) instead of

ya jugaré yo por Jaime I'll play instead of Jaime

13. (indica que una acción todavía no está hecha)

las camas están por hacer the beds still have to be made

ir por / ir a por to fetch

¡ve a por mis zapatillas, por favor! fetch my slippers, please!

por + adjetivo however + adjective

por barato que parezca however cheap it may seem

por mucho que te quejes however much you complain

por aquí (cerca) near here (indicando camino) this way

por ciento per cent

por correo by post

por fin at last

por la fuerza by force

por lo general generally / usually

por lo menos at least

por mí as far as I'm concerned

por si... in case...

por sorpresa by surprise

por supuesto of course

por tanto therefore

por teléfono on the telephone

¿por qué? why?

Spanish-English dictionary > por
10 drift

drɪft
1. сущ.
1) а) уст. гон, сгон( кого-л. куда-л.) ;
сбор, созыв Syn: propulsion, impulse, impetus б) стадо, табун;
уст. стая птиц;
уст. пчелиный рой;
редк. толпа (людей, куда-л. направляющаяся) To think of carrying off a drift of my neighbour's sheep. ≈ Подумать, а не угнать ли стадо овец у моего соседа. Syn: drove, herd, flock в) дорога для перегона скота
2) поток( в разных смыслах), течение, притечение There is a steady low-class labour drift into London. ≈ Имеется стабильный поток неквалифицированного рабочего класса в Лондон. The drift in the sea is different from the current in that it affect only upper layers of water. ≈ Морской поток отличается от течения тем, что перемещаются лишь верхние слои воды. drift-bottle
3) а) мор. дрейф, снос корабля с курса под влиянием течений;
мор. дрифтерная сеть (особый вид рыболовной сети) б) авиац. снос, скорость сноса в) зоол. снос стай перелетных птиц из-за ветров г) авто юз, занос When Fangio puts his Maserati or Ferrari into a corner in a four-wheel drift. ≈ Когда Фанхио входит на своей Мазерати или Феррари в поворот с заносом на обе оси. д) сдвиг, склонение( артиллерийского снаряда или пули в сторону, в которую он или она закручены) е) эл. бросок напряжения, отклонения от стандартного напряжения ж) линг. дрейф языка (термин Сепира), спонтанные изменения в структуре языка (обычно имеются в виду сдвиги в морфологическом строе)
4) а) направление, тенденция The general drift of affairs on the Continent. ≈ Общая тенденция в развитии дел на континенте. б) намерение, смысл, стремление The drift of the Maker is dark. ≈ Намерения Создателя неясны. I see the whole drift of your argument. ≈ Я окончательно понял, к чему вы клоните. get the drift Syn: meaning, purpose, intention, object, aim, purport, tenor, scope
5) о массе чего-л, перемещаемой посредством какой-л. природной силы а) сугроб;
куча чего бы то ни было, наваленная ветром б) геол. ледниковый нанос, увал Syn: diluvium в) дождь с ветром;
метель, пурга;
пылевое облако The city lies, beneath its drift of smoke. ≈ Город лежит, овеваемый собственным дымом. г) плавник( что-л. или масса чего-л., прибитая к берегу волнами)
6) большая цветочная клумба;
множество цветущих цветов
7) а) тех. копер, кувалда( для забивания свай, столбов и т.п.) б) тех. пробойник, расточка, развертка в) шомпол
8) горн. штрек, горизонтальная выработка
9) брод (только о бродах на реках в Южной Африке) Syn: ford
2. гл.
1) а) относить ветром, течением б) наносить ветром, потоком (в частности, кучи снега, листьев и т.п.), также о любой другой природной силе Beds of sand, which drift like snow. ≈ Песчаные заносы, их наносит так же, как снежные. в) сноситься, смещаться, сдвигаться по ветру, по течению, дрейфовать, тж. перен. Let us drift aside into this teashop. ≈ Давай заглянем в эту чайную. The country slowly drifted into worldwide conflict. ≈ Страна медленно втянулась в международный конфликт. Columns of smoke and ashes which drifted to the south-east. ≈ Столбы пыли и пепла относит на юго-восток. ∙ Our tracks had drifted up. ≈ Наши следы занесло. Syn: float г) заносить( о снеге, песке)
2) мор. ставить дрифтерную сеть
3) гнать скот
4) тех. расширять, пробивать отверстия см. drift
1. 7а) >
5) горн. вести горизонтальную разработку. ∙ drift apart drift away drift in drift out drift towards drift together медленное течение;
медленное перемещение - the * of labour into the city( образное) приток рабочей силы в город - the * from the land (образное) отток людей из деревни /из сельской местности/ - to be on the * дрейфовать;
плыть по течению( морское) дрейф (авиация) девиация, снос ( авиация) скорость сноса (авиация) угол сноса( военное) деривация( военное) движение облака дыма или отравляющего вещества (радиотехника) уход частоты направление (развития), тенденция - * of affairs ход дел;
направление развития событий тенденция развития языковой структуры;
направление языкового развития (подспудный) смысл;
(скрытая) цель;
стремление - the * of a speech скрытый смысл речи - I don't catch /get, see, understand/ your * я не понимаю куда вы клоните /к чему вы ведете/ - what's the * off all this? к чему бы это? что бы это могло значить? пассивность;
бездействие - policy of * политика бездействия перегон (скота) эвакуация раненых (в тыл) (быстро проносящийся) ливень;
снег, гонимый ветром и т. п. сугроб (снега) ;
нанос (песка) ;
куча (листьев и т. п.), нанесенная или наметенная ветром;
лед, вынесенный морем на берег (геология) моренный материал, делювий;
ледниковый нанос молевой лесосплав плывущее бревно дрифтерная или плавная сеть( южно-африканское) брод (горное) горизонтальная выработка - main * главный штрек, главная выработка( техническое) упругое последствие( техническое) пробойник относить или гнать (ветром, течением) ;
сносить - to * logs down the stream сплавлять лес относиться, перемещаться( по ветру, течению) ;
дрейфовать - to * ashore прибиться к берегу - to * down the stream относиться вниз течением - to * with the current плыть по течению, сплавляться( о лесе и т. п.) - the clouds are *ing across the sky облака плывут по небу изменять состояние - I was slowly *ing into sleep я медленно погружался в сон - the conversation *ed from one subject to another разговор переходил с одной темы на другую( радиотехника) уходить( о частоте) плыть по течению;
бездействовать;
полагаться на вою случая - to * through life жить бездумно - to * into war втягиваться /вползать/ в войну - to * into pessimism становиться все более пессимистичным;
впадать в меланхолию - let things * пусть все идет как шло;
покоримся судьбе - things are allowed to * все отдались на волю судьбы;
никто не хочет менять (естественный) ход вещей насыпать( сугробы) ;
наносить, заносить (снегом и т. п.) - the snow had *ed everywhere все занесло снегом вырастать( о сугробах, наносах и т. п.) (специальное) сплавлять( лес) молем пробивать, расширять или увеличивать отверстие( горное) проводить горизонтальную выработку drift быть пассивным, предоставлять все судьбе;
to drift into war быть втянутым в войну ~ воен. деривация ~ мор. дрейф;
ав. девиация, снос;
скорость сноса ~ дрейф ~ дрифтерная сеть ~ геол. ледниковый нанос ~ медленное течение ~ медленное течение ~ намерение, стремление;
the drift of a speech смысл речи;
I don't understand your drift я не понимаю, куда вы клоните ~ наносить ветром, течением ~ направление, тенденция ~ относить ветром, течением;
относиться, перемещаться по ветру, течению;
дрейфовать ~ пассивность;
the policy of drift политика бездействия или самотека ~ тех. расширять, пробивать отверстия;
drift apart разойтись (тж. перен.) ;
drift together сблизиться ~ сдвиг ~ скопляться кучами( о снеге, песке и т. п.) ~ снос ~ сугроб (снега) ;
куча (песка, листьев и т. п.), нанесенная ветром ~ уход ~ горн. штрек, горизонтальная выработка ~ тех. расширять, пробивать отверстия;
drift apart разойтись (тж. перен.) ;
drift together сблизиться drift быть пассивным, предоставлять все судьбе;
to drift into war быть втянутым в войну ~ намерение, стремление;
the drift of a speech смысл речи;
I don't understand your drift я не понимаю, куда вы клоните ~ of parameter вчт. уход параметра ~ тех. расширять, пробивать отверстия;
drift apart разойтись (тж. перен.) ;
drift together сблизиться ~ with use дрейф характеристик в процессе эксплуатации frequency ~ уход частоты ~ намерение, стремление;
the drift of a speech смысл речи;
I don't understand your drift я не понимаю, куда вы клоните level ~ дрейф уровня loop ~ дрейф петли гистерезиса ~ пассивность;
the policy of drift политика бездействия или самотека upward ~ тенденция к повышению wage ~ отклонение фактической заработной платы от расчетных ставок warm-up ~ тепловое смещение

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > drift
11 помеха

ж. interference; noise; disturbance

отфильтровывать помеху — reject an interference

подавлять помеху — suppress interference

атмосферные помехи — atmospheric disturbance

внешняя помеха — external noise

внутренняя помеха — internal noise

высокочастотная помеха — high-frequency noise

грозовая помеха — lightning static

заградительная помеха — barrage jamming

импульсная помеха — impulse noise

индустриальная помеха — industrial noise

манипуляционная помеха — keying noise

маскирующая помеха — masking interference

местная помеха — permanent echo

помеха незатухающими колебаниями — continuous-wave jamming

помеха немодулированными колебаниями — continuous-wave jamming

работать без организованной помехи — operate in the clear

работать в условиях организованной помехи — operate through jamming

ответная помеха — repeater jamming

помеха от взаимной модуляции — intermodulation interference

помеха от метеофакторов — precipitation effects

помеха от поверхности моря — sea clutter

помеха от солнечного излучения — solar noise

помеха по зеркальному каналу — image interference

прицельная помеха — spot jamming

промышленная помеха — industrial noise

радиолокационная помеха — clutter

синфазная помеха — common-mode interference

случайная помеха — random noise

тепловая помеха — thermal noise

малые помехи — low noise

фоновая помеха — hum noise

уровень помех — noise level

мощность помех — noise power

сигнал помехи — noise signal

Синонимический ряд:

препятствие (сущ.) загвоздка; закавыка; закавычка; преграда; препона; препятствие

Антонимический ряд:

помощь

Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > помеха

См. также в других словарях:

Specific impulse — (usually abbreviated I sp) is a way to describe the efficiency of rocket and jet engines. It represents the impulse (change in momentum) per unit of propellant. The higher the specific impulse, the less propellant is needed to gain a given amount … Wikipedia
Space Shuttle — STS redirects here. For other uses, see STS (disambiguation). This article is about the NASA Space Transportation System vehicle. For the associated NASA STS program, see Space Shuttle program. For other shuttles and aerospace vehicles, see… … Wikipedia
History of radar — The history of radar starts with experiments by Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century that showed that radio waves were reflected by metallic objects. This possibility was suggested in James Clerk Maxwell s seminal work on electromagnetism.… … Wikipedia
Merlin (rocket engine) — Merlin 1C SpaceX Merlin 1A (shown) Country of origin United States Manufacturer SpaceX Liq … Wikipedia
Germany — /jerr meuh nee/, n. a republic in central Europe: after World War II divided into four zones, British, French, U.S., and Soviet, and in 1949 into East Germany and West Germany; East and West Germany were reunited in 1990. 84,068,216; 137,852 sq.… … Universalium
RS-68 — The Rocketdyne RS 68 (Rocket System 68) is a liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engine developed starting in the 1990s with the goal of producing a simpler, less costly heavy lift rocket engine for the Delta IV rocket. The RS 68 produces a thrust of … Wikipedia
Spacecraft propulsion — A remote camera captures a close up view of a Space Shuttle Main Engine during a test firing at the John C. Stennis Space Center in Hancock County, Mississippi Spacecraft propulsion is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial… … Wikipedia
Pendulum — This article is about pendulums. For other uses, see Pendulum (disambiguation). Simple gravity pendulum model assumes no friction or air resistance … Wikipedia
Project Timberwind — aimed to develop nuclear thermal rockets. It was under the aegis of the Strategic Defence Initiative ( Star Wars ), later expanded into a larger design in the Space Thermal Nuclear Propulsion (STNP) program. Advances in high temperature metals,… … Wikipedia
Project Orion (nuclear propulsion) — An artist s conception of the NASA reference design for the Project Orion spacecraft powered by nuclear propulsion. Project Orion was a study of a spacecraft intended to be directly propelled by a series of explosions of atomic bombs behind the… … Wikipedia
Portugal — /pawr cheuh geuhl, pohr /; Port. /pawrdd too gahl /, n. a republic in SW Europe, on the Iberian Peninsula, W of Spain. (Including the Azores and the Madeira Islands) 9,867,654; 35,414 sq. mi. (91,720 sq. km). Cap.: Lisbon. * * * Portugal… … Universalium

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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sea-level impulse

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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sea-level impulse

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